Part I. History and Incidence of Use
Chapter 1. Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids: A Historical Perspective and Definition
Charles D. Kochakian and Charles E. Yesalis
Endocrine Function of the Testis
Androgens: Multiplicity of Male Hormones
Anabolic Activity
Partial Dissociation of Anabolic Activity From Androgenic Activity
Anabolic Steroids
Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids
Therapeutic and Other Applications
Veterinary Applications
Summary
References
Chapter 2. History of Anabolic Steroid Use in Sport and Exercise
Charles E. Yesalis, Stephen P. Courson, and James E. Wright
Olympic Sports
Female Athletes
National Doping Programs
Professional Football
College
High School
Other Sports
Conclusions
References
Chapter 3. Incidence of Anabolic Steroid Use: A Discussion of Methodological Issues
Charles E. Yesalis, Michael S. Bahrke, Andrea N. Kopstein, and Camille K. Barsukiewicz
Investigative Journalism
Government Investigations
Drug Testing
Surveys
Current Trends
Methodological Issues
Recommendations
References
Chapter 4. Prevention of Anabolic Steroid Use
Linn Goldberg and Diane L. Elliot
Scope of the Problem
Drug-Testing Policy
Educational Strategies
AS Education: The ATLAS Study
The ATLAS Program
Conclusions
References
Part II. Effects, Dependence, and Treatment Issues
Chapter 5. Effect of Anabolic Steroid Use on Body Composition and Physical Performance
Karl E. Friedl
Variations in Physiological Response to Anabolic Steroids
Comparing Anabolic Steroid Dose and Effects
Empirical Strength Studies
Composition of Steroid-Induced Body Weight Gain
Body Composition Changes After Cessation of Anabolic Steroid Use
Neuromuscular and Neuropsychological Effects of Anabolic Steroid Use
Sustainment of Androgenicity During Demanding Physical Training
Countermeasures for Stress-Induced Catabolic Hormones
Improved Aerobic Endurance Performance
Conclusions
References
Chapter 6. Effects of Anabolic Steroids on Physical Health
Karl E. Friedl
Distinctions Between Types and Doses of Anabolic Steroids
Case Reports of Adverse Effects in Anabolic Steroid-Using Athletes
Suspected Disease Associations
Stroke: A New Association With Anabolic Steroids
Prostate: An Androgen Target and Potential for Disease
Musculoskeletal Injuries
Problems Indirectly Associated With Anabolic Steroids
Research on Health Effects
Conclusions
References
Chapter 7. Women and Anabolic Steroids
Diane L. Elliot and Linn Goldberg
Normal Physiological Effects of Testosterone in Women and Men
Prevalence of Anabolic Steroid Use in Females
Physical Effects of Anabolic Steroids on Women
Psychological Effects of Anabolic Steroids on Females
DHEA: A Weak Androgen
Physique-Altering Drug Use
References
Chapter 8. Psychological Effects of Endogenous Testosterone and Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids
Michael S. Bahrke
Anabolic Steroids and Aggressive Behavior in Animals
Effect of Endogenous Testosterone Levels on Human Moods and Behaviors
Estrogen-Related Aggression
Contraceptive Studies and Moods
Effects of Anabolic Steroids on Athletes' Moods and Behavior
Effects of Anabolic Steroids on Psychological Dependence and Withdrawal
Methodological Issues
Conclusions
References
Chapter 9. Anabolic Steroids: Potential for Physical and Psychological Dependence
Kirk J. Brower
The Nature of Drug Abuse and Dependence
Evidence for Dependence on Anabolic Steroids
Mechanisms of Anabolic Steroid Dependence
Predictors of Anabolic Steroid Dependence
Course of Dependence on Anabolic Steroids
Prevention and Treatment
References
Chapter 10. Assessment and Treatment of Anabolic Steroid Abuse, Dependence, and Withdrawal
Kirk J. Brower
Identification and Assessment
Treatment of Withdrawal
Conclusions
References
Chapter 11. Legal Aspects of Anabolic Steroid Use and Abuse
Carol Cole Kleinman and C.E. Petit
Direct Legal Consequences of Steroid Abuse
Indirect Legal Consequences of Steroid Abuse: Criminal Behavior
The Proper Role of the Legal System Regarding Steroid Abuse
References
Part III. Testing and Societal Alternatives
Chapter 12. Evolution and Politics of Drug Testing
Jim Ferstle
The Year of Scandals
History of Drug Testing
The Roots of Modern Drug Testing
Challenges and Limitations in Drug Testing
Causes for Criticism of Drug Testing
Possible Solutions Outside the IOC
Athletes' Rights in Drug Testing
1984: The L.A. Cover-Up
More Secrets
Testing Issues in Pro and U.S. Collegiate Sports
Politics and Pharmacological Warfare
Drug Testing and the Media
References
Chapter 13. Drug Testing and Anabolic Steroids
R. Craig Kammerer
Blood or Urine Testing?
Structures, Chemistry, and Metabolism
Technology of Anabolic Steroid Testing
Philosophy of Anabolic Steroid Testing
Costs of Anabolic Steroid Testing
Circumventing Positive Test Results
Use of Other Substances
Future Directions in Anabolic Steroid Testing
References
Chapter 14. Societal Alternatives
Charles E. Yesalis, Michael S. Bahrke, and James E. Wright
Legalization: An End to Hypocrisy?
Interdiction: A Question of Cost-Effectiveness
Education: Is Anybody Listening?
Conclusion: Our Values Must Change
References
