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Nick Bollettieri's Tennis Handbook
400 Pages
Nick Bollettieri’s Tennis Handbook, Second Edition, is the most comprehensive guide to learning and teaching tennis from the sport’s most successful coach. Nick Bollettieri’s training and development system is recognized around the world. He has developed or coached the game’s elite players, including Andre Agassi, Venus Williams, Serena Williams, Maria Sharapova, Jelena Janković, Jim Courier, Boris Becker, Martina Hingis, Marcelo Ríos, Monica Seles, Kei Nishikori, Petra Kvitová, and Sabine Lisicki. Now, Bollettieri provides the same instruction on skills and tactics that has made his IMG Academy a destination for aspiring players from around the world. From serves and returns to volleys and lobs, every shot in the game is covered to give you the most dynamic offensive arsenal. You’ll learn key strategic points that will help you identify your opponents’ tendencies and attack their weaknesses.
Featuring 55 drills for singles and doubles play, the most effective conditioning exercises and programs for all styles of play, and the latest on equipment, technology, and mental training, NickBollettieri’s Tennis Handbook offers a one-of-a-kind opportunity to train with a true master teacher and apply to your game the system that has helped produce some of the sport’s greatest players. With the accompanying video-on-demand content, you’ll have access to enhanced demonstrations of the most critical individual techniques such as forehand, backhand, volley, serve, and return. It’s a must-have for dedicated players and coaches alike.
Chapter 1 Teaching Philosophy
Chapter 2 Fundamentals of Athletic Development
Chapter 3 Forehands
Chapter 4 Backhands
Chapter 5 Serves
Chapter 6 Returns
Chapter 7 Net Play
Chapter 8 Specialty Shots
Chapter 9 Doubles Technique
Chapter 10 Practice With a Purpose
Chapter 11 Physical Conditioning
Chapter 12 Mental Conditioning
Chapter 13 Game Plans and Match Strategy
Chapter 14 Rackets, Strings, and Grips
Chapter 15 Tennis Clubs and Resorts
Chapter 16 Future of American Tennis
Nick Bollettieri was one of the most influential people in the world of tennis, renowned for his passion for excellence and the game. His training program is recognized as one of the best systems for developing top players. It was this proven method that Bollettieri used to coach 10 top-ranked players in the world (Andre Agassi, Boris Becker, Jim Courier, Martina Hingis, Jelena Janković, Marcelo Ríos, Monica Seles, Maria Sharapova, Serena Williams, and Venus Williams) plus a multitude of other world-class players, including Petra Kvitová, Sabine Lisicki, Kei Nishikori, Nicole Vaidišová, Tommy Haas, Radek Stepanek, Ivo Karlovic, Mary Pierce, Jimmy Arias, and Anna Kournikova.
Bollettieri founded the world-renowned Nick Bollettieri Tennis Academy in 1978 to educate students in a dual environment of intense tennis training and academics. Within 10 years, Bollettieri expanded his vision, joining forces with IMG to turn the tennis academy into a multisport training facility now known as IMG Academy. He wrote numerous books on tennis, contributed to many television and video programs, and was recognized for his promotion of the sport.
The Bollettieri name is synonymous with tennis excellence. The coach achieved numerous honors and awards, including induction into the International Tennis Hall of Fame in 2014. He was also inducted into the Florida Sports Hall of Fame (2004), honored with the prestigious Sports and Service Award by the Arthur Ashe Institute for Urban Health (2003), inducted into the Italian American Sports Hall of Fame (2002), and ranked as one of Tennis Magazine’s 50 Most Influential People in Tennis (2000) and as one of Sporting Life’s 25 People Who Have Influenced Tennis in the Past Century (2000). He was named National Coach of the Year for Tennis by the United States Olympic Committee and awarded the Tennis Educational Merit Award by the International Tennis Hall of Fame.
Bollettieri passed away in 2022.
“Nick, I’ve spent time with Vince Lombardi, Bob Knight, Tommy Lasorda, Joe Torre, Larry Brown, Casey Stengel, and Cus D’Amato—just to name a few—and they’re all successful and they’re all different. The key thing for a coach and for a human being is to be yourself, and Nick, this is the characteristic you share with all those Hall of Fame coaches. You are yourself. You’re the consummate coach. You care about the game, about the way it is played, and about the person who is playing it. You don’t quite demand perfection, but you damn well want it. Larry Brown’s ultimate term of respect is to call someone Coach—as in Coach Holzman or Coach Smith. You are Coach Bollettieri.”
—Dick Schaap-- Late American sportswriter, broadcaster, and author
“Nick Bollettieri has always been a man with great vision and a charismatic personality who energizes everyone in his presence. I have watched Nick coach athletes of all abilities, from beginners to professionals. His positive teachings, with his energetic approach, lead to the development of successful tennis players.”
—Dick Vitale-- ABC and ESPN basketball analyst
“When I moved in with Nick at the age of 13, he became a surrogate father to me. Nick stressed discipline and self-control, but most of all he believed in me. Nick has the uncanny ability to know what each player needs to be motivated. For me, it was praise. The most lasting impression that I have about Nick is simply the feeling that came over me whenever he was on the court with me. Even to this day, if I’m playing tennis and Nick is there, the adrenaline starts to flow, and I leave the court sure that I can conquer the world.”
—Jimmy Arias
“Not only has Nick has been a great help to our tennis game, but he has also been a close friend of the family for years. His friendship and instruction have been invaluable to us.”
—Venus Williams
“I really think that Nick is not just a coach, but also a friend and someone that you can talk to. As a coach, he really knows what to tell the player so the player will be able to take the next step to be on the top. He has personally helped me to realize that I need the small things more than the large things. In the end, Nick is a great person and my friend.”
—Serena Williams
“Not only is Nick a terrific coach but also a great motivator. He makes you feel good on the court no matter what. Also, knowing him for the past few years, he’s not only a coach to me but a great friend with a big heart. He’ll always be special.”
—Tommy Haas
Types of Serves
For many years only one technique was taught for the serve. Set your feet shoulder-width apart, point your front foot toward the target, put your racket hand and ball-tossing hand in front of you at waist height, start with your racket hand and ball-tossing hand going down together and up together, and do not move your back foot until you make contact with the ball and step into the court.
For many years only one technique was taught for the serve. Set your feet shoulder-width apart, point your front foot toward the target, put your racket hand and ball-tossing hand in front of you at waist height, start with your racket hand and ball-tossing hand going down together and up together, and do not move your back foot until you make contact with the ball and step into the court. Wow, times have changed.
There are still classic service motions such as those used by Roger Federer and Pete Sampras, but many others used today are just as effective. There is the half motion where the racket does not go down but starts immediately upward, and there's also the abbreviated motion where the racket is set above the shoulder before the toss is made.
Nick's Tip
No matter what motion you have, when you have certain elements correct, you will have an effective serve. If they work, don't change them.
Elements of the Aggressive Serve
An aggressive serve can have different variations and if delivered properly will provide the server with an outright winner, an error by the returner, or a defensive reply by the returner. Here are the important elements of the aggressive serve.
Grip
It is acceptable for very young and basic beginners to learn to serve with the forehand grip they have become comfortable with. We make this exception in order to ensure that young players experience more success in the beginning. As they begin to progress and become open to adjustments to improve, it's time to introduce them to serving in a full continental grip. It is an essential fundamental to serving at higher levels of play.
Starting Position
Most players start with the ball and racket together. For the stance, the feet are approximately shoulder-width apart, preferably with the front foot pointed toward the net post. It is quite common for the pros to start with their body weight forward in the stance for the start position, then shift the weight to the back foot as they start the motion, then shift forward to toss and hit. It's all a matter of what you feel comfortable with. Coaches should look at the student's natural style and then determine what will be the best for him. See figure 5.5 for an example of a correct starting position for the serve.
Starting position for a serve.
Take-Back
There are several predominant styles of take-back. There's over the shoulder, used by Andy Roddick and Venus Williams. Then you have the classic Federer pendulum down swing that takes the racket up into position. There are other abbreviated take-backs as well. Regardless of which style you prefer, what's most important is that the hitting arm and racket are positioned properly and on time in the set-to-launch position. The take-back should be in sync with the timing of the toss action to ensure consistent toss - hit rhythm on the serve. See figure 5.6 for an example of a correct take-back for the serve.
Take-back for a serve.
Toss Action
To be precise with the toss, most pros keep the toss arm fully extended throughout the toss motion. The ball is released from the hand at approximately eye level. The toss arm continues upward until the palm of the toss hand faces toward the sky. As the toss arm starts going up, the body weight is shifting forward in the stance for the release of the ball to produce a straighter up and down ball path. The height of the toss varies based on the serve, but the ball should reach a height at least 12 inches (30 cm) higher than the top of the racket at contact. Players vary the ball position for the various types of serves, but as a general rule, you want your toss to remain inside the baseline and to the hitting-arm side of the body. See figure 5.7, a and b, for an example of a correct tossing action for the serve.
Tossing action for a serve.
Set to Launch: Platform and Pinpoint Stance
The platform stance describes the technique of those players who maintain the same starting stance throughout the motion. Platform servers such as Federer and Djokovic shift their weight forward for the set-to-launch position. As they bend their knees, the hips shift forward toward the toes of both feet as the chest angles upward toward the contact point. This chest angle aimed at the contact point is a crucial fundamental for developing a powerful and healthy serve motion. The shoulders tilt as the chest aims upward so that the tilted shoulders and arms establish a straight line with the contact point. The heels of the feet are elevated, indicating the weight is into the toes of both feet for the launch.
The pinpoint stance describes the technique of those players who bring the back foot forward to a position near the front foot for the set-to-launch. Many pros shift the front side of their hips forward over their toes to create a position similar to the look of a pole-vaulter's pole stretched back and bent into an arc shape. This stretched position enables the player to create an upward snap from the hip to launch the racket head up toward contact. With the body weight primarily on the front foot, the chest angle aims upward at the contact point, which is a crucial fundamental for developing a powerful and healthy serve motion. The shoulders tilt as the chest aims upward so that the shoulders and arms create a straight line with the contact point.
Save
Learn more about Nick Bollettieri's Tennis Handbook, 2nd Ed.
Practice Drills
Following are illustrations of several drills of each type discussed previously.
Following are illustrations of several drills of each type discussed previously.
Fed-Ball Drills
Warm-Up Drill
Objectives
- Establish an all-business mind-set for a productive practice session.
- Establish early preparation and timing for the contact point.
- Warm up the foundation and focus on good technique repetition.
- Hit to targets with high net clearance to promote depth.
Procedure
- The feeder hits two balls from the service line to alternating sides of the court.
- The student hits both balls down the line to the target area.
- The student rotates to the back of the line.
- All students move their feet.
Variations
- Add more balls to each rotation.
- Hit four, pick up four - the student hits four balls, then picks up four balls.
- Change direction to crosscourt patterns and short angles.
- Move students in to hit approach shots and volleys.
Windshield-Wiper Drill
Objectives
- Bring the group together to establish discipline, focus, and teamwork.
- Work groups of 8 to 12 students, all gaining benefit at once.
- Students warm up and focus on good technique repetition.
- Students hit to targets with high net clearance to promote depth.
Procedure
- The feeder hits two balls from the service line to alternating sides of the court.
- Students form one line at the baseline (curl the line around if there is not room behind the court).
- Students hit down the line to the target area and shadow on the other side.
- Students pick up balls, observe safety procedures, and rotate to the back of the line.
- All students shadow in time with the front two hitters.
Variations
- Add more balls to each rotation.
- Change direction to crosscourt patterns.
- Move students in to hit approach shots and volleys.
- When students hit from in the court, lines can go straight back.
Run-Around Forehand Drill
Objectives
- Develop the mind-set of using a weapon.
- Learn aggressive positioning in the court to take advantage of a big forehand.
- Learn to control the point through aggressive positioning.
- Hit to the target with power and accuracy.
Procedure
- The feeder hits one ball from the service line to the student's backhand side.
- The student is to run around the backhand and hit an inside-out forehand to the target.
- The student rotates to the back of the line.
- The feeder must build the confidence and willingness of students to "just hit the ball."
Variations
- Add a forehand down the line and then position yourself for an inside-out forehand.
- Change direction to an inside-in forehand (down the line).
- Approach the shot and finish with a volley to the other corner.
Run-Around Forehand and Short-Ball Drill
Objectives
- Develop a mind-set of returning every ball.
- Develop shot combinations around the inside-out forehand.
- Learn to close in and continue to attack the short ball.
- Hit to targets with power and accuracy.
Procedure
- The feeder hits the first ball from the service line to the student's backhand side.
- The student runs around the backhand and hits an inside-out forehand (see figure a).
- The feeder hits the second ball from the service line to the student's forehand side short.
- The student closes in and hits the approach down the line to finish the point (see figure b).
- The feeder must build confidence and willingness of students to "just hit the ball."
Variations
- Add a volley or overhead to the combination.
- Change direction to inside-in forehand (down the line).
- Students play out the point after the approach.
Learn more about Nick Bollettieri's Tennis Handbook, 2nd Ed.
Strings
Let’s start with the facts. The energy created in a tennis ball that meets a racket breaks down into the following components: 60 percent of the energy comes from the string bed (the strings in the racket). 30 percent of the energy comes from the ball (a rubber object in motion with its own energy). 10 percent of the energy comes from you and your racket frame (frame only, not the strings).
Let's start with the facts. The energy created in a tennis ball that meets a racket breaks down into the following components:
- 60 percent of the energy comes from the string bed (the strings in the racket).
- 30 percent of the energy comes from the ball (a rubber object in motion with its own energy).
- 10 percent of the energy comes from you and your racket frame (frame only, not the strings).
This proves the importance of proper stringing, correct tension, string type, quality of strings, and age (freshness or resilience) of strings. With this in mind, let's start with the most important item in hitting a tennis ball, the strings.
The 10 Commandments of Strings
Whatever type or brand of string you use, the following 10 commandments of strings apply. Study each carefully. They will help explain the many differences in today's string selections and how they can affect your game.
- Lower string tension generates more power (providing that excessive string movement doesn't occur).
- Higher string tension generates more ball control (with less power, placement of the ball improves).
- A longer string, or string-plane area, produces more power.
- Lower string density (fewer strings in the string pattern) generates more power.
- Thinner strings generate more power.
- Strings with more elasticity generate more power and absorb more shock at impact.
- Softer strings, or strings with a softer coating, tend to vibrate less.
- Thinner strings produce more spin on the ball.
- Lower string density (fewer strings) generates more spin on the ball.
- The more elastic the string, the more tension is lost in the racket after a string job (prestretching will reduce this effect).
String Types and Construction
Not too long ago, players had just two choices in strings - natural-gut strings or nylon strings. Natural-gut strings have been used since tennis was invented. Most top professional players still use natural gut because of its amazing characteristics, which are found only in a natural fiber.
Today, many nylon strings are referred to as synthetic-gut strings. This name can be misleading. The most important point to remember is that all such strings are made from a nylon-based product. True, many synthetic-gut strings have special features that make them last longer than regular nylon strings, but in basic chemical analysis they are virtually the same product.
If the added features of a specific synthetic-gut string favor your game, feel confident in continuing to use that product. But remember, a freshly strung racket with the basic nylon string will greatly outperform an expensive synthetic-gut string that is old and has lost its resiliency.
The basic construction types in today's nylon or synthetic-gut strings can be classified into the following groups. Each construction technique is for a specific purpose.
- Solid core (polyester strings)
- Solid core (single wrap)
- Solid core (multiwrap)
- Multifilament
- Multicore (single wrap)
- Multicore (multiwrap)
- Composites
- Aramid fiber and hybrids (Kevlar and other materials)
Of these construction types, solid core with a single wrap is by far the most widely manufactured string, making up more than 70 percent of all strings manufactured today. The main reason for the wide acceptance of this string is its overall performance at a price much lower than the price of natural gut.
To help you find the best string type for your individual game, take a look at table 14.1. Refer to later sections on construction and gauge to fine-tune these recommendations.
To define each type of string better, let's look at a few of the more popular groups and their playing characteristics.
Solid-Core Synthetic Strings
Polyester strings fall into the solid-core category. Although they have been around for many years, polyester strings have recently found great popularity among players at all levels. Like all synthetic strings, they are available in different gauges (string thickness) and from a variety of manufacturers. The advantages and disadvantages are as follows:
Advantages
- Durability
- Greater control
- Claims of exceptional feel
- Resists notching
Disadvantages
- Tension loss
- Less ball speed
- Increased shock and vibration
- Difficult to install (for stringer)
Note that polyester string is less resilient than other synthetics, so a claim of more control also means the player cannot hit the ball as hard.
Solid-Core (Single Wrap) Synthetic Strings
Solid-core synthetic strings with a single wrap make up 70 percent of today's string market. These popular strings derive their durability from having a large solid core. An outer wrap of smaller filaments (or fibers) improves tension retention. The outer wrap assists in two ways by (1) helping to hold the tension on the string and (2) protecting the core from notching and other abrasions caused by impact with the ball.
Because of the string's popularity, a wide choice of gauges is available. Manufacturers price their strings competitively. If this is the best-playing string type for you, shop around. You can probably find the same string from several companies, differing only in packaging and pricing. The advantages and disadvantages are as follows:
Advantages
- Wide variety of gauges
- Excellent value
- Very durable (thicker gauges)
- Balance between power and control
Disadvantages
- Too many choices
- Better strings overlooked
- Will go "dead" before breaking
- Shock and vibration to arm
Multifilament Synthetic Strings
Multifilament synthetic strings are coreless and have multiple synthetic fibers twisted together in a manner similar to natural gut. Fibers vary in thickness and number. The biggest advantage of this type of construction is playability. These strings are technically difficult to produce and carry the highest price tag among synthetic strings. They are the best-playing synthetic-gut strings and most closely resemble natural gut in all characteristics. The advantages and disadvantages are as follows:
Advantages
- Exceptional feel
- Increased power
- Less shock and vibration to arm
- Excellent for wide-body frames
Disadvantages
- Tension loss
- Premature breakage
- Susceptible to notching from topspin
Natural Gut
Despite the countless number of synthetics on the market today, most players still judge natural gut the best, although many of the top professional players have moved to the polyester category or to a hybrid of polyester and natural gut. String manufacturers try vigorously to duplicate its exceptional feel and playability, but so far they have fallen short. Thus we often hear or read the statement "Plays most similar to natural gut."
Natural gut is made from high-grade beef intestine. Only the upper part of the intestine is used. The process is a delicate, hands-on procedure that requires up to three months from start to finish. Note that natural gut is a by-product of the beef industry. No cows are slaughtered just to make gut. The labor-intensive work needed to produce natural gut accounts for its high price compared with synthetic strings.
Natural gut is the best-playing string available; its power is unmatched. Natural gut will hold tension much better than any synthetic string, and it absorbs shock and vibration much better as well. The actual "dwell time" (time the ball is on the string bed) is longer with natural gut than it is with synthetics, so the player experiences a much greater feel. An old saying in the tennis world is this: "Once you have tried gut, you will never go back to a synthetic. You're hooked!"
Over the years, people have questioned the durability of natural gut. These doubts have arisen because some stringers don't know how to handle natural gut. Natural gut is extremely durable when handled correctly and remains playable longer than a normal synthetic string. Synthetic string will lose an average of 15 to 18 percent of initial tension in the first 24 hours after stringing. Natural gut will lose an average of only 5 to 8 percent. The synthetic string will become "dead" (lose its resiliency) after 15 to 20 hours of normal play, whereas natural gut will stay resilient for its entire life.
If you have had arm or shoulder problems, natural gut is the best remedy for you. It is made from hundreds of individual "ribbons" of the intestine, twisted together to form the string. Each ribbon acts independently as well as with others when a ball is struck. Each ribbon absorbs shock and vibration to deliver optimal power. Natural gut is considered a multifilament string and is available in many different gauges. All that you have learned about construction and gauge applies to natural gut. The following list further addresses its benefits and drawbacks. The advantages and disadvantages are as follows:
Advantages
- Power
- Control
- Tension maintenance
- Best for arm and shoulder
- Longevity of playability
Disadvantages
- Price
Save
Save
Save
Learn more about Nick Bollettieri's Tennis Handbook, 2nd Ed.
Types of Serves
For many years only one technique was taught for the serve. Set your feet shoulder-width apart, point your front foot toward the target, put your racket hand and ball-tossing hand in front of you at waist height, start with your racket hand and ball-tossing hand going down together and up together, and do not move your back foot until you make contact with the ball and step into the court.
For many years only one technique was taught for the serve. Set your feet shoulder-width apart, point your front foot toward the target, put your racket hand and ball-tossing hand in front of you at waist height, start with your racket hand and ball-tossing hand going down together and up together, and do not move your back foot until you make contact with the ball and step into the court. Wow, times have changed.
There are still classic service motions such as those used by Roger Federer and Pete Sampras, but many others used today are just as effective. There is the half motion where the racket does not go down but starts immediately upward, and there's also the abbreviated motion where the racket is set above the shoulder before the toss is made.
Nick's Tip
No matter what motion you have, when you have certain elements correct, you will have an effective serve. If they work, don't change them.
Elements of the Aggressive Serve
An aggressive serve can have different variations and if delivered properly will provide the server with an outright winner, an error by the returner, or a defensive reply by the returner. Here are the important elements of the aggressive serve.
Grip
It is acceptable for very young and basic beginners to learn to serve with the forehand grip they have become comfortable with. We make this exception in order to ensure that young players experience more success in the beginning. As they begin to progress and become open to adjustments to improve, it's time to introduce them to serving in a full continental grip. It is an essential fundamental to serving at higher levels of play.
Starting Position
Most players start with the ball and racket together. For the stance, the feet are approximately shoulder-width apart, preferably with the front foot pointed toward the net post. It is quite common for the pros to start with their body weight forward in the stance for the start position, then shift the weight to the back foot as they start the motion, then shift forward to toss and hit. It's all a matter of what you feel comfortable with. Coaches should look at the student's natural style and then determine what will be the best for him. See figure 5.5 for an example of a correct starting position for the serve.
Starting position for a serve.
Take-Back
There are several predominant styles of take-back. There's over the shoulder, used by Andy Roddick and Venus Williams. Then you have the classic Federer pendulum down swing that takes the racket up into position. There are other abbreviated take-backs as well. Regardless of which style you prefer, what's most important is that the hitting arm and racket are positioned properly and on time in the set-to-launch position. The take-back should be in sync with the timing of the toss action to ensure consistent toss - hit rhythm on the serve. See figure 5.6 for an example of a correct take-back for the serve.
Take-back for a serve.
Toss Action
To be precise with the toss, most pros keep the toss arm fully extended throughout the toss motion. The ball is released from the hand at approximately eye level. The toss arm continues upward until the palm of the toss hand faces toward the sky. As the toss arm starts going up, the body weight is shifting forward in the stance for the release of the ball to produce a straighter up and down ball path. The height of the toss varies based on the serve, but the ball should reach a height at least 12 inches (30 cm) higher than the top of the racket at contact. Players vary the ball position for the various types of serves, but as a general rule, you want your toss to remain inside the baseline and to the hitting-arm side of the body. See figure 5.7, a and b, for an example of a correct tossing action for the serve.
Tossing action for a serve.
Set to Launch: Platform and Pinpoint Stance
The platform stance describes the technique of those players who maintain the same starting stance throughout the motion. Platform servers such as Federer and Djokovic shift their weight forward for the set-to-launch position. As they bend their knees, the hips shift forward toward the toes of both feet as the chest angles upward toward the contact point. This chest angle aimed at the contact point is a crucial fundamental for developing a powerful and healthy serve motion. The shoulders tilt as the chest aims upward so that the tilted shoulders and arms establish a straight line with the contact point. The heels of the feet are elevated, indicating the weight is into the toes of both feet for the launch.
The pinpoint stance describes the technique of those players who bring the back foot forward to a position near the front foot for the set-to-launch. Many pros shift the front side of their hips forward over their toes to create a position similar to the look of a pole-vaulter's pole stretched back and bent into an arc shape. This stretched position enables the player to create an upward snap from the hip to launch the racket head up toward contact. With the body weight primarily on the front foot, the chest angle aims upward at the contact point, which is a crucial fundamental for developing a powerful and healthy serve motion. The shoulders tilt as the chest aims upward so that the shoulders and arms create a straight line with the contact point.
Save
Learn more about Nick Bollettieri's Tennis Handbook, 2nd Ed.
Practice Drills
Following are illustrations of several drills of each type discussed previously.
Following are illustrations of several drills of each type discussed previously.
Fed-Ball Drills
Warm-Up Drill
Objectives
- Establish an all-business mind-set for a productive practice session.
- Establish early preparation and timing for the contact point.
- Warm up the foundation and focus on good technique repetition.
- Hit to targets with high net clearance to promote depth.
Procedure
- The feeder hits two balls from the service line to alternating sides of the court.
- The student hits both balls down the line to the target area.
- The student rotates to the back of the line.
- All students move their feet.
Variations
- Add more balls to each rotation.
- Hit four, pick up four - the student hits four balls, then picks up four balls.
- Change direction to crosscourt patterns and short angles.
- Move students in to hit approach shots and volleys.
Windshield-Wiper Drill
Objectives
- Bring the group together to establish discipline, focus, and teamwork.
- Work groups of 8 to 12 students, all gaining benefit at once.
- Students warm up and focus on good technique repetition.
- Students hit to targets with high net clearance to promote depth.
Procedure
- The feeder hits two balls from the service line to alternating sides of the court.
- Students form one line at the baseline (curl the line around if there is not room behind the court).
- Students hit down the line to the target area and shadow on the other side.
- Students pick up balls, observe safety procedures, and rotate to the back of the line.
- All students shadow in time with the front two hitters.
Variations
- Add more balls to each rotation.
- Change direction to crosscourt patterns.
- Move students in to hit approach shots and volleys.
- When students hit from in the court, lines can go straight back.
Run-Around Forehand Drill
Objectives
- Develop the mind-set of using a weapon.
- Learn aggressive positioning in the court to take advantage of a big forehand.
- Learn to control the point through aggressive positioning.
- Hit to the target with power and accuracy.
Procedure
- The feeder hits one ball from the service line to the student's backhand side.
- The student is to run around the backhand and hit an inside-out forehand to the target.
- The student rotates to the back of the line.
- The feeder must build the confidence and willingness of students to "just hit the ball."
Variations
- Add a forehand down the line and then position yourself for an inside-out forehand.
- Change direction to an inside-in forehand (down the line).
- Approach the shot and finish with a volley to the other corner.
Run-Around Forehand and Short-Ball Drill
Objectives
- Develop a mind-set of returning every ball.
- Develop shot combinations around the inside-out forehand.
- Learn to close in and continue to attack the short ball.
- Hit to targets with power and accuracy.
Procedure
- The feeder hits the first ball from the service line to the student's backhand side.
- The student runs around the backhand and hits an inside-out forehand (see figure a).
- The feeder hits the second ball from the service line to the student's forehand side short.
- The student closes in and hits the approach down the line to finish the point (see figure b).
- The feeder must build confidence and willingness of students to "just hit the ball."
Variations
- Add a volley or overhead to the combination.
- Change direction to inside-in forehand (down the line).
- Students play out the point after the approach.
Learn more about Nick Bollettieri's Tennis Handbook, 2nd Ed.
Strings
Let’s start with the facts. The energy created in a tennis ball that meets a racket breaks down into the following components: 60 percent of the energy comes from the string bed (the strings in the racket). 30 percent of the energy comes from the ball (a rubber object in motion with its own energy). 10 percent of the energy comes from you and your racket frame (frame only, not the strings).
Let's start with the facts. The energy created in a tennis ball that meets a racket breaks down into the following components:
- 60 percent of the energy comes from the string bed (the strings in the racket).
- 30 percent of the energy comes from the ball (a rubber object in motion with its own energy).
- 10 percent of the energy comes from you and your racket frame (frame only, not the strings).
This proves the importance of proper stringing, correct tension, string type, quality of strings, and age (freshness or resilience) of strings. With this in mind, let's start with the most important item in hitting a tennis ball, the strings.
The 10 Commandments of Strings
Whatever type or brand of string you use, the following 10 commandments of strings apply. Study each carefully. They will help explain the many differences in today's string selections and how they can affect your game.
- Lower string tension generates more power (providing that excessive string movement doesn't occur).
- Higher string tension generates more ball control (with less power, placement of the ball improves).
- A longer string, or string-plane area, produces more power.
- Lower string density (fewer strings in the string pattern) generates more power.
- Thinner strings generate more power.
- Strings with more elasticity generate more power and absorb more shock at impact.
- Softer strings, or strings with a softer coating, tend to vibrate less.
- Thinner strings produce more spin on the ball.
- Lower string density (fewer strings) generates more spin on the ball.
- The more elastic the string, the more tension is lost in the racket after a string job (prestretching will reduce this effect).
String Types and Construction
Not too long ago, players had just two choices in strings - natural-gut strings or nylon strings. Natural-gut strings have been used since tennis was invented. Most top professional players still use natural gut because of its amazing characteristics, which are found only in a natural fiber.
Today, many nylon strings are referred to as synthetic-gut strings. This name can be misleading. The most important point to remember is that all such strings are made from a nylon-based product. True, many synthetic-gut strings have special features that make them last longer than regular nylon strings, but in basic chemical analysis they are virtually the same product.
If the added features of a specific synthetic-gut string favor your game, feel confident in continuing to use that product. But remember, a freshly strung racket with the basic nylon string will greatly outperform an expensive synthetic-gut string that is old and has lost its resiliency.
The basic construction types in today's nylon or synthetic-gut strings can be classified into the following groups. Each construction technique is for a specific purpose.
- Solid core (polyester strings)
- Solid core (single wrap)
- Solid core (multiwrap)
- Multifilament
- Multicore (single wrap)
- Multicore (multiwrap)
- Composites
- Aramid fiber and hybrids (Kevlar and other materials)
Of these construction types, solid core with a single wrap is by far the most widely manufactured string, making up more than 70 percent of all strings manufactured today. The main reason for the wide acceptance of this string is its overall performance at a price much lower than the price of natural gut.
To help you find the best string type for your individual game, take a look at table 14.1. Refer to later sections on construction and gauge to fine-tune these recommendations.
To define each type of string better, let's look at a few of the more popular groups and their playing characteristics.
Solid-Core Synthetic Strings
Polyester strings fall into the solid-core category. Although they have been around for many years, polyester strings have recently found great popularity among players at all levels. Like all synthetic strings, they are available in different gauges (string thickness) and from a variety of manufacturers. The advantages and disadvantages are as follows:
Advantages
- Durability
- Greater control
- Claims of exceptional feel
- Resists notching
Disadvantages
- Tension loss
- Less ball speed
- Increased shock and vibration
- Difficult to install (for stringer)
Note that polyester string is less resilient than other synthetics, so a claim of more control also means the player cannot hit the ball as hard.
Solid-Core (Single Wrap) Synthetic Strings
Solid-core synthetic strings with a single wrap make up 70 percent of today's string market. These popular strings derive their durability from having a large solid core. An outer wrap of smaller filaments (or fibers) improves tension retention. The outer wrap assists in two ways by (1) helping to hold the tension on the string and (2) protecting the core from notching and other abrasions caused by impact with the ball.
Because of the string's popularity, a wide choice of gauges is available. Manufacturers price their strings competitively. If this is the best-playing string type for you, shop around. You can probably find the same string from several companies, differing only in packaging and pricing. The advantages and disadvantages are as follows:
Advantages
- Wide variety of gauges
- Excellent value
- Very durable (thicker gauges)
- Balance between power and control
Disadvantages
- Too many choices
- Better strings overlooked
- Will go "dead" before breaking
- Shock and vibration to arm
Multifilament Synthetic Strings
Multifilament synthetic strings are coreless and have multiple synthetic fibers twisted together in a manner similar to natural gut. Fibers vary in thickness and number. The biggest advantage of this type of construction is playability. These strings are technically difficult to produce and carry the highest price tag among synthetic strings. They are the best-playing synthetic-gut strings and most closely resemble natural gut in all characteristics. The advantages and disadvantages are as follows:
Advantages
- Exceptional feel
- Increased power
- Less shock and vibration to arm
- Excellent for wide-body frames
Disadvantages
- Tension loss
- Premature breakage
- Susceptible to notching from topspin
Natural Gut
Despite the countless number of synthetics on the market today, most players still judge natural gut the best, although many of the top professional players have moved to the polyester category or to a hybrid of polyester and natural gut. String manufacturers try vigorously to duplicate its exceptional feel and playability, but so far they have fallen short. Thus we often hear or read the statement "Plays most similar to natural gut."
Natural gut is made from high-grade beef intestine. Only the upper part of the intestine is used. The process is a delicate, hands-on procedure that requires up to three months from start to finish. Note that natural gut is a by-product of the beef industry. No cows are slaughtered just to make gut. The labor-intensive work needed to produce natural gut accounts for its high price compared with synthetic strings.
Natural gut is the best-playing string available; its power is unmatched. Natural gut will hold tension much better than any synthetic string, and it absorbs shock and vibration much better as well. The actual "dwell time" (time the ball is on the string bed) is longer with natural gut than it is with synthetics, so the player experiences a much greater feel. An old saying in the tennis world is this: "Once you have tried gut, you will never go back to a synthetic. You're hooked!"
Over the years, people have questioned the durability of natural gut. These doubts have arisen because some stringers don't know how to handle natural gut. Natural gut is extremely durable when handled correctly and remains playable longer than a normal synthetic string. Synthetic string will lose an average of 15 to 18 percent of initial tension in the first 24 hours after stringing. Natural gut will lose an average of only 5 to 8 percent. The synthetic string will become "dead" (lose its resiliency) after 15 to 20 hours of normal play, whereas natural gut will stay resilient for its entire life.
If you have had arm or shoulder problems, natural gut is the best remedy for you. It is made from hundreds of individual "ribbons" of the intestine, twisted together to form the string. Each ribbon acts independently as well as with others when a ball is struck. Each ribbon absorbs shock and vibration to deliver optimal power. Natural gut is considered a multifilament string and is available in many different gauges. All that you have learned about construction and gauge applies to natural gut. The following list further addresses its benefits and drawbacks. The advantages and disadvantages are as follows:
Advantages
- Power
- Control
- Tension maintenance
- Best for arm and shoulder
- Longevity of playability
Disadvantages
- Price
Save
Save
Save
Learn more about Nick Bollettieri's Tennis Handbook, 2nd Ed.
Types of Serves
For many years only one technique was taught for the serve. Set your feet shoulder-width apart, point your front foot toward the target, put your racket hand and ball-tossing hand in front of you at waist height, start with your racket hand and ball-tossing hand going down together and up together, and do not move your back foot until you make contact with the ball and step into the court.
For many years only one technique was taught for the serve. Set your feet shoulder-width apart, point your front foot toward the target, put your racket hand and ball-tossing hand in front of you at waist height, start with your racket hand and ball-tossing hand going down together and up together, and do not move your back foot until you make contact with the ball and step into the court. Wow, times have changed.
There are still classic service motions such as those used by Roger Federer and Pete Sampras, but many others used today are just as effective. There is the half motion where the racket does not go down but starts immediately upward, and there's also the abbreviated motion where the racket is set above the shoulder before the toss is made.
Nick's Tip
No matter what motion you have, when you have certain elements correct, you will have an effective serve. If they work, don't change them.
Elements of the Aggressive Serve
An aggressive serve can have different variations and if delivered properly will provide the server with an outright winner, an error by the returner, or a defensive reply by the returner. Here are the important elements of the aggressive serve.
Grip
It is acceptable for very young and basic beginners to learn to serve with the forehand grip they have become comfortable with. We make this exception in order to ensure that young players experience more success in the beginning. As they begin to progress and become open to adjustments to improve, it's time to introduce them to serving in a full continental grip. It is an essential fundamental to serving at higher levels of play.
Starting Position
Most players start with the ball and racket together. For the stance, the feet are approximately shoulder-width apart, preferably with the front foot pointed toward the net post. It is quite common for the pros to start with their body weight forward in the stance for the start position, then shift the weight to the back foot as they start the motion, then shift forward to toss and hit. It's all a matter of what you feel comfortable with. Coaches should look at the student's natural style and then determine what will be the best for him. See figure 5.5 for an example of a correct starting position for the serve.
Starting position for a serve.
Take-Back
There are several predominant styles of take-back. There's over the shoulder, used by Andy Roddick and Venus Williams. Then you have the classic Federer pendulum down swing that takes the racket up into position. There are other abbreviated take-backs as well. Regardless of which style you prefer, what's most important is that the hitting arm and racket are positioned properly and on time in the set-to-launch position. The take-back should be in sync with the timing of the toss action to ensure consistent toss - hit rhythm on the serve. See figure 5.6 for an example of a correct take-back for the serve.
Take-back for a serve.
Toss Action
To be precise with the toss, most pros keep the toss arm fully extended throughout the toss motion. The ball is released from the hand at approximately eye level. The toss arm continues upward until the palm of the toss hand faces toward the sky. As the toss arm starts going up, the body weight is shifting forward in the stance for the release of the ball to produce a straighter up and down ball path. The height of the toss varies based on the serve, but the ball should reach a height at least 12 inches (30 cm) higher than the top of the racket at contact. Players vary the ball position for the various types of serves, but as a general rule, you want your toss to remain inside the baseline and to the hitting-arm side of the body. See figure 5.7, a and b, for an example of a correct tossing action for the serve.
Tossing action for a serve.
Set to Launch: Platform and Pinpoint Stance
The platform stance describes the technique of those players who maintain the same starting stance throughout the motion. Platform servers such as Federer and Djokovic shift their weight forward for the set-to-launch position. As they bend their knees, the hips shift forward toward the toes of both feet as the chest angles upward toward the contact point. This chest angle aimed at the contact point is a crucial fundamental for developing a powerful and healthy serve motion. The shoulders tilt as the chest aims upward so that the tilted shoulders and arms establish a straight line with the contact point. The heels of the feet are elevated, indicating the weight is into the toes of both feet for the launch.
The pinpoint stance describes the technique of those players who bring the back foot forward to a position near the front foot for the set-to-launch. Many pros shift the front side of their hips forward over their toes to create a position similar to the look of a pole-vaulter's pole stretched back and bent into an arc shape. This stretched position enables the player to create an upward snap from the hip to launch the racket head up toward contact. With the body weight primarily on the front foot, the chest angle aims upward at the contact point, which is a crucial fundamental for developing a powerful and healthy serve motion. The shoulders tilt as the chest aims upward so that the shoulders and arms create a straight line with the contact point.
Save
Learn more about Nick Bollettieri's Tennis Handbook, 2nd Ed.
Practice Drills
Following are illustrations of several drills of each type discussed previously.
Following are illustrations of several drills of each type discussed previously.
Fed-Ball Drills
Warm-Up Drill
Objectives
- Establish an all-business mind-set for a productive practice session.
- Establish early preparation and timing for the contact point.
- Warm up the foundation and focus on good technique repetition.
- Hit to targets with high net clearance to promote depth.
Procedure
- The feeder hits two balls from the service line to alternating sides of the court.
- The student hits both balls down the line to the target area.
- The student rotates to the back of the line.
- All students move their feet.
Variations
- Add more balls to each rotation.
- Hit four, pick up four - the student hits four balls, then picks up four balls.
- Change direction to crosscourt patterns and short angles.
- Move students in to hit approach shots and volleys.
Windshield-Wiper Drill
Objectives
- Bring the group together to establish discipline, focus, and teamwork.
- Work groups of 8 to 12 students, all gaining benefit at once.
- Students warm up and focus on good technique repetition.
- Students hit to targets with high net clearance to promote depth.
Procedure
- The feeder hits two balls from the service line to alternating sides of the court.
- Students form one line at the baseline (curl the line around if there is not room behind the court).
- Students hit down the line to the target area and shadow on the other side.
- Students pick up balls, observe safety procedures, and rotate to the back of the line.
- All students shadow in time with the front two hitters.
Variations
- Add more balls to each rotation.
- Change direction to crosscourt patterns.
- Move students in to hit approach shots and volleys.
- When students hit from in the court, lines can go straight back.
Run-Around Forehand Drill
Objectives
- Develop the mind-set of using a weapon.
- Learn aggressive positioning in the court to take advantage of a big forehand.
- Learn to control the point through aggressive positioning.
- Hit to the target with power and accuracy.
Procedure
- The feeder hits one ball from the service line to the student's backhand side.
- The student is to run around the backhand and hit an inside-out forehand to the target.
- The student rotates to the back of the line.
- The feeder must build the confidence and willingness of students to "just hit the ball."
Variations
- Add a forehand down the line and then position yourself for an inside-out forehand.
- Change direction to an inside-in forehand (down the line).
- Approach the shot and finish with a volley to the other corner.
Run-Around Forehand and Short-Ball Drill
Objectives
- Develop a mind-set of returning every ball.
- Develop shot combinations around the inside-out forehand.
- Learn to close in and continue to attack the short ball.
- Hit to targets with power and accuracy.
Procedure
- The feeder hits the first ball from the service line to the student's backhand side.
- The student runs around the backhand and hits an inside-out forehand (see figure a).
- The feeder hits the second ball from the service line to the student's forehand side short.
- The student closes in and hits the approach down the line to finish the point (see figure b).
- The feeder must build confidence and willingness of students to "just hit the ball."
Variations
- Add a volley or overhead to the combination.
- Change direction to inside-in forehand (down the line).
- Students play out the point after the approach.
Learn more about Nick Bollettieri's Tennis Handbook, 2nd Ed.
Strings
Let’s start with the facts. The energy created in a tennis ball that meets a racket breaks down into the following components: 60 percent of the energy comes from the string bed (the strings in the racket). 30 percent of the energy comes from the ball (a rubber object in motion with its own energy). 10 percent of the energy comes from you and your racket frame (frame only, not the strings).
Let's start with the facts. The energy created in a tennis ball that meets a racket breaks down into the following components:
- 60 percent of the energy comes from the string bed (the strings in the racket).
- 30 percent of the energy comes from the ball (a rubber object in motion with its own energy).
- 10 percent of the energy comes from you and your racket frame (frame only, not the strings).
This proves the importance of proper stringing, correct tension, string type, quality of strings, and age (freshness or resilience) of strings. With this in mind, let's start with the most important item in hitting a tennis ball, the strings.
The 10 Commandments of Strings
Whatever type or brand of string you use, the following 10 commandments of strings apply. Study each carefully. They will help explain the many differences in today's string selections and how they can affect your game.
- Lower string tension generates more power (providing that excessive string movement doesn't occur).
- Higher string tension generates more ball control (with less power, placement of the ball improves).
- A longer string, or string-plane area, produces more power.
- Lower string density (fewer strings in the string pattern) generates more power.
- Thinner strings generate more power.
- Strings with more elasticity generate more power and absorb more shock at impact.
- Softer strings, or strings with a softer coating, tend to vibrate less.
- Thinner strings produce more spin on the ball.
- Lower string density (fewer strings) generates more spin on the ball.
- The more elastic the string, the more tension is lost in the racket after a string job (prestretching will reduce this effect).
String Types and Construction
Not too long ago, players had just two choices in strings - natural-gut strings or nylon strings. Natural-gut strings have been used since tennis was invented. Most top professional players still use natural gut because of its amazing characteristics, which are found only in a natural fiber.
Today, many nylon strings are referred to as synthetic-gut strings. This name can be misleading. The most important point to remember is that all such strings are made from a nylon-based product. True, many synthetic-gut strings have special features that make them last longer than regular nylon strings, but in basic chemical analysis they are virtually the same product.
If the added features of a specific synthetic-gut string favor your game, feel confident in continuing to use that product. But remember, a freshly strung racket with the basic nylon string will greatly outperform an expensive synthetic-gut string that is old and has lost its resiliency.
The basic construction types in today's nylon or synthetic-gut strings can be classified into the following groups. Each construction technique is for a specific purpose.
- Solid core (polyester strings)
- Solid core (single wrap)
- Solid core (multiwrap)
- Multifilament
- Multicore (single wrap)
- Multicore (multiwrap)
- Composites
- Aramid fiber and hybrids (Kevlar and other materials)
Of these construction types, solid core with a single wrap is by far the most widely manufactured string, making up more than 70 percent of all strings manufactured today. The main reason for the wide acceptance of this string is its overall performance at a price much lower than the price of natural gut.
To help you find the best string type for your individual game, take a look at table 14.1. Refer to later sections on construction and gauge to fine-tune these recommendations.
To define each type of string better, let's look at a few of the more popular groups and their playing characteristics.
Solid-Core Synthetic Strings
Polyester strings fall into the solid-core category. Although they have been around for many years, polyester strings have recently found great popularity among players at all levels. Like all synthetic strings, they are available in different gauges (string thickness) and from a variety of manufacturers. The advantages and disadvantages are as follows:
Advantages
- Durability
- Greater control
- Claims of exceptional feel
- Resists notching
Disadvantages
- Tension loss
- Less ball speed
- Increased shock and vibration
- Difficult to install (for stringer)
Note that polyester string is less resilient than other synthetics, so a claim of more control also means the player cannot hit the ball as hard.
Solid-Core (Single Wrap) Synthetic Strings
Solid-core synthetic strings with a single wrap make up 70 percent of today's string market. These popular strings derive their durability from having a large solid core. An outer wrap of smaller filaments (or fibers) improves tension retention. The outer wrap assists in two ways by (1) helping to hold the tension on the string and (2) protecting the core from notching and other abrasions caused by impact with the ball.
Because of the string's popularity, a wide choice of gauges is available. Manufacturers price their strings competitively. If this is the best-playing string type for you, shop around. You can probably find the same string from several companies, differing only in packaging and pricing. The advantages and disadvantages are as follows:
Advantages
- Wide variety of gauges
- Excellent value
- Very durable (thicker gauges)
- Balance between power and control
Disadvantages
- Too many choices
- Better strings overlooked
- Will go "dead" before breaking
- Shock and vibration to arm
Multifilament Synthetic Strings
Multifilament synthetic strings are coreless and have multiple synthetic fibers twisted together in a manner similar to natural gut. Fibers vary in thickness and number. The biggest advantage of this type of construction is playability. These strings are technically difficult to produce and carry the highest price tag among synthetic strings. They are the best-playing synthetic-gut strings and most closely resemble natural gut in all characteristics. The advantages and disadvantages are as follows:
Advantages
- Exceptional feel
- Increased power
- Less shock and vibration to arm
- Excellent for wide-body frames
Disadvantages
- Tension loss
- Premature breakage
- Susceptible to notching from topspin
Natural Gut
Despite the countless number of synthetics on the market today, most players still judge natural gut the best, although many of the top professional players have moved to the polyester category or to a hybrid of polyester and natural gut. String manufacturers try vigorously to duplicate its exceptional feel and playability, but so far they have fallen short. Thus we often hear or read the statement "Plays most similar to natural gut."
Natural gut is made from high-grade beef intestine. Only the upper part of the intestine is used. The process is a delicate, hands-on procedure that requires up to three months from start to finish. Note that natural gut is a by-product of the beef industry. No cows are slaughtered just to make gut. The labor-intensive work needed to produce natural gut accounts for its high price compared with synthetic strings.
Natural gut is the best-playing string available; its power is unmatched. Natural gut will hold tension much better than any synthetic string, and it absorbs shock and vibration much better as well. The actual "dwell time" (time the ball is on the string bed) is longer with natural gut than it is with synthetics, so the player experiences a much greater feel. An old saying in the tennis world is this: "Once you have tried gut, you will never go back to a synthetic. You're hooked!"
Over the years, people have questioned the durability of natural gut. These doubts have arisen because some stringers don't know how to handle natural gut. Natural gut is extremely durable when handled correctly and remains playable longer than a normal synthetic string. Synthetic string will lose an average of 15 to 18 percent of initial tension in the first 24 hours after stringing. Natural gut will lose an average of only 5 to 8 percent. The synthetic string will become "dead" (lose its resiliency) after 15 to 20 hours of normal play, whereas natural gut will stay resilient for its entire life.
If you have had arm or shoulder problems, natural gut is the best remedy for you. It is made from hundreds of individual "ribbons" of the intestine, twisted together to form the string. Each ribbon acts independently as well as with others when a ball is struck. Each ribbon absorbs shock and vibration to deliver optimal power. Natural gut is considered a multifilament string and is available in many different gauges. All that you have learned about construction and gauge applies to natural gut. The following list further addresses its benefits and drawbacks. The advantages and disadvantages are as follows:
Advantages
- Power
- Control
- Tension maintenance
- Best for arm and shoulder
- Longevity of playability
Disadvantages
- Price
Save
Save
Save
Learn more about Nick Bollettieri's Tennis Handbook, 2nd Ed.
Types of Serves
For many years only one technique was taught for the serve. Set your feet shoulder-width apart, point your front foot toward the target, put your racket hand and ball-tossing hand in front of you at waist height, start with your racket hand and ball-tossing hand going down together and up together, and do not move your back foot until you make contact with the ball and step into the court.
For many years only one technique was taught for the serve. Set your feet shoulder-width apart, point your front foot toward the target, put your racket hand and ball-tossing hand in front of you at waist height, start with your racket hand and ball-tossing hand going down together and up together, and do not move your back foot until you make contact with the ball and step into the court. Wow, times have changed.
There are still classic service motions such as those used by Roger Federer and Pete Sampras, but many others used today are just as effective. There is the half motion where the racket does not go down but starts immediately upward, and there's also the abbreviated motion where the racket is set above the shoulder before the toss is made.
Nick's Tip
No matter what motion you have, when you have certain elements correct, you will have an effective serve. If they work, don't change them.
Elements of the Aggressive Serve
An aggressive serve can have different variations and if delivered properly will provide the server with an outright winner, an error by the returner, or a defensive reply by the returner. Here are the important elements of the aggressive serve.
Grip
It is acceptable for very young and basic beginners to learn to serve with the forehand grip they have become comfortable with. We make this exception in order to ensure that young players experience more success in the beginning. As they begin to progress and become open to adjustments to improve, it's time to introduce them to serving in a full continental grip. It is an essential fundamental to serving at higher levels of play.
Starting Position
Most players start with the ball and racket together. For the stance, the feet are approximately shoulder-width apart, preferably with the front foot pointed toward the net post. It is quite common for the pros to start with their body weight forward in the stance for the start position, then shift the weight to the back foot as they start the motion, then shift forward to toss and hit. It's all a matter of what you feel comfortable with. Coaches should look at the student's natural style and then determine what will be the best for him. See figure 5.5 for an example of a correct starting position for the serve.
Starting position for a serve.
Take-Back
There are several predominant styles of take-back. There's over the shoulder, used by Andy Roddick and Venus Williams. Then you have the classic Federer pendulum down swing that takes the racket up into position. There are other abbreviated take-backs as well. Regardless of which style you prefer, what's most important is that the hitting arm and racket are positioned properly and on time in the set-to-launch position. The take-back should be in sync with the timing of the toss action to ensure consistent toss - hit rhythm on the serve. See figure 5.6 for an example of a correct take-back for the serve.
Take-back for a serve.
Toss Action
To be precise with the toss, most pros keep the toss arm fully extended throughout the toss motion. The ball is released from the hand at approximately eye level. The toss arm continues upward until the palm of the toss hand faces toward the sky. As the toss arm starts going up, the body weight is shifting forward in the stance for the release of the ball to produce a straighter up and down ball path. The height of the toss varies based on the serve, but the ball should reach a height at least 12 inches (30 cm) higher than the top of the racket at contact. Players vary the ball position for the various types of serves, but as a general rule, you want your toss to remain inside the baseline and to the hitting-arm side of the body. See figure 5.7, a and b, for an example of a correct tossing action for the serve.
Tossing action for a serve.
Set to Launch: Platform and Pinpoint Stance
The platform stance describes the technique of those players who maintain the same starting stance throughout the motion. Platform servers such as Federer and Djokovic shift their weight forward for the set-to-launch position. As they bend their knees, the hips shift forward toward the toes of both feet as the chest angles upward toward the contact point. This chest angle aimed at the contact point is a crucial fundamental for developing a powerful and healthy serve motion. The shoulders tilt as the chest aims upward so that the tilted shoulders and arms establish a straight line with the contact point. The heels of the feet are elevated, indicating the weight is into the toes of both feet for the launch.
The pinpoint stance describes the technique of those players who bring the back foot forward to a position near the front foot for the set-to-launch. Many pros shift the front side of their hips forward over their toes to create a position similar to the look of a pole-vaulter's pole stretched back and bent into an arc shape. This stretched position enables the player to create an upward snap from the hip to launch the racket head up toward contact. With the body weight primarily on the front foot, the chest angle aims upward at the contact point, which is a crucial fundamental for developing a powerful and healthy serve motion. The shoulders tilt as the chest aims upward so that the shoulders and arms create a straight line with the contact point.
Save
Learn more about Nick Bollettieri's Tennis Handbook, 2nd Ed.
Practice Drills
Following are illustrations of several drills of each type discussed previously.
Following are illustrations of several drills of each type discussed previously.
Fed-Ball Drills
Warm-Up Drill
Objectives
- Establish an all-business mind-set for a productive practice session.
- Establish early preparation and timing for the contact point.
- Warm up the foundation and focus on good technique repetition.
- Hit to targets with high net clearance to promote depth.
Procedure
- The feeder hits two balls from the service line to alternating sides of the court.
- The student hits both balls down the line to the target area.
- The student rotates to the back of the line.
- All students move their feet.
Variations
- Add more balls to each rotation.
- Hit four, pick up four - the student hits four balls, then picks up four balls.
- Change direction to crosscourt patterns and short angles.
- Move students in to hit approach shots and volleys.
Windshield-Wiper Drill
Objectives
- Bring the group together to establish discipline, focus, and teamwork.
- Work groups of 8 to 12 students, all gaining benefit at once.
- Students warm up and focus on good technique repetition.
- Students hit to targets with high net clearance to promote depth.
Procedure
- The feeder hits two balls from the service line to alternating sides of the court.
- Students form one line at the baseline (curl the line around if there is not room behind the court).
- Students hit down the line to the target area and shadow on the other side.
- Students pick up balls, observe safety procedures, and rotate to the back of the line.
- All students shadow in time with the front two hitters.
Variations
- Add more balls to each rotation.
- Change direction to crosscourt patterns.
- Move students in to hit approach shots and volleys.
- When students hit from in the court, lines can go straight back.
Run-Around Forehand Drill
Objectives
- Develop the mind-set of using a weapon.
- Learn aggressive positioning in the court to take advantage of a big forehand.
- Learn to control the point through aggressive positioning.
- Hit to the target with power and accuracy.
Procedure
- The feeder hits one ball from the service line to the student's backhand side.
- The student is to run around the backhand and hit an inside-out forehand to the target.
- The student rotates to the back of the line.
- The feeder must build the confidence and willingness of students to "just hit the ball."
Variations
- Add a forehand down the line and then position yourself for an inside-out forehand.
- Change direction to an inside-in forehand (down the line).
- Approach the shot and finish with a volley to the other corner.
Run-Around Forehand and Short-Ball Drill
Objectives
- Develop a mind-set of returning every ball.
- Develop shot combinations around the inside-out forehand.
- Learn to close in and continue to attack the short ball.
- Hit to targets with power and accuracy.
Procedure
- The feeder hits the first ball from the service line to the student's backhand side.
- The student runs around the backhand and hits an inside-out forehand (see figure a).
- The feeder hits the second ball from the service line to the student's forehand side short.
- The student closes in and hits the approach down the line to finish the point (see figure b).
- The feeder must build confidence and willingness of students to "just hit the ball."
Variations
- Add a volley or overhead to the combination.
- Change direction to inside-in forehand (down the line).
- Students play out the point after the approach.
Learn more about Nick Bollettieri's Tennis Handbook, 2nd Ed.
Strings
Let’s start with the facts. The energy created in a tennis ball that meets a racket breaks down into the following components: 60 percent of the energy comes from the string bed (the strings in the racket). 30 percent of the energy comes from the ball (a rubber object in motion with its own energy). 10 percent of the energy comes from you and your racket frame (frame only, not the strings).
Let's start with the facts. The energy created in a tennis ball that meets a racket breaks down into the following components:
- 60 percent of the energy comes from the string bed (the strings in the racket).
- 30 percent of the energy comes from the ball (a rubber object in motion with its own energy).
- 10 percent of the energy comes from you and your racket frame (frame only, not the strings).
This proves the importance of proper stringing, correct tension, string type, quality of strings, and age (freshness or resilience) of strings. With this in mind, let's start with the most important item in hitting a tennis ball, the strings.
The 10 Commandments of Strings
Whatever type or brand of string you use, the following 10 commandments of strings apply. Study each carefully. They will help explain the many differences in today's string selections and how they can affect your game.
- Lower string tension generates more power (providing that excessive string movement doesn't occur).
- Higher string tension generates more ball control (with less power, placement of the ball improves).
- A longer string, or string-plane area, produces more power.
- Lower string density (fewer strings in the string pattern) generates more power.
- Thinner strings generate more power.
- Strings with more elasticity generate more power and absorb more shock at impact.
- Softer strings, or strings with a softer coating, tend to vibrate less.
- Thinner strings produce more spin on the ball.
- Lower string density (fewer strings) generates more spin on the ball.
- The more elastic the string, the more tension is lost in the racket after a string job (prestretching will reduce this effect).
String Types and Construction
Not too long ago, players had just two choices in strings - natural-gut strings or nylon strings. Natural-gut strings have been used since tennis was invented. Most top professional players still use natural gut because of its amazing characteristics, which are found only in a natural fiber.
Today, many nylon strings are referred to as synthetic-gut strings. This name can be misleading. The most important point to remember is that all such strings are made from a nylon-based product. True, many synthetic-gut strings have special features that make them last longer than regular nylon strings, but in basic chemical analysis they are virtually the same product.
If the added features of a specific synthetic-gut string favor your game, feel confident in continuing to use that product. But remember, a freshly strung racket with the basic nylon string will greatly outperform an expensive synthetic-gut string that is old and has lost its resiliency.
The basic construction types in today's nylon or synthetic-gut strings can be classified into the following groups. Each construction technique is for a specific purpose.
- Solid core (polyester strings)
- Solid core (single wrap)
- Solid core (multiwrap)
- Multifilament
- Multicore (single wrap)
- Multicore (multiwrap)
- Composites
- Aramid fiber and hybrids (Kevlar and other materials)
Of these construction types, solid core with a single wrap is by far the most widely manufactured string, making up more than 70 percent of all strings manufactured today. The main reason for the wide acceptance of this string is its overall performance at a price much lower than the price of natural gut.
To help you find the best string type for your individual game, take a look at table 14.1. Refer to later sections on construction and gauge to fine-tune these recommendations.
To define each type of string better, let's look at a few of the more popular groups and their playing characteristics.
Solid-Core Synthetic Strings
Polyester strings fall into the solid-core category. Although they have been around for many years, polyester strings have recently found great popularity among players at all levels. Like all synthetic strings, they are available in different gauges (string thickness) and from a variety of manufacturers. The advantages and disadvantages are as follows:
Advantages
- Durability
- Greater control
- Claims of exceptional feel
- Resists notching
Disadvantages
- Tension loss
- Less ball speed
- Increased shock and vibration
- Difficult to install (for stringer)
Note that polyester string is less resilient than other synthetics, so a claim of more control also means the player cannot hit the ball as hard.
Solid-Core (Single Wrap) Synthetic Strings
Solid-core synthetic strings with a single wrap make up 70 percent of today's string market. These popular strings derive their durability from having a large solid core. An outer wrap of smaller filaments (or fibers) improves tension retention. The outer wrap assists in two ways by (1) helping to hold the tension on the string and (2) protecting the core from notching and other abrasions caused by impact with the ball.
Because of the string's popularity, a wide choice of gauges is available. Manufacturers price their strings competitively. If this is the best-playing string type for you, shop around. You can probably find the same string from several companies, differing only in packaging and pricing. The advantages and disadvantages are as follows:
Advantages
- Wide variety of gauges
- Excellent value
- Very durable (thicker gauges)
- Balance between power and control
Disadvantages
- Too many choices
- Better strings overlooked
- Will go "dead" before breaking
- Shock and vibration to arm
Multifilament Synthetic Strings
Multifilament synthetic strings are coreless and have multiple synthetic fibers twisted together in a manner similar to natural gut. Fibers vary in thickness and number. The biggest advantage of this type of construction is playability. These strings are technically difficult to produce and carry the highest price tag among synthetic strings. They are the best-playing synthetic-gut strings and most closely resemble natural gut in all characteristics. The advantages and disadvantages are as follows:
Advantages
- Exceptional feel
- Increased power
- Less shock and vibration to arm
- Excellent for wide-body frames
Disadvantages
- Tension loss
- Premature breakage
- Susceptible to notching from topspin
Natural Gut
Despite the countless number of synthetics on the market today, most players still judge natural gut the best, although many of the top professional players have moved to the polyester category or to a hybrid of polyester and natural gut. String manufacturers try vigorously to duplicate its exceptional feel and playability, but so far they have fallen short. Thus we often hear or read the statement "Plays most similar to natural gut."
Natural gut is made from high-grade beef intestine. Only the upper part of the intestine is used. The process is a delicate, hands-on procedure that requires up to three months from start to finish. Note that natural gut is a by-product of the beef industry. No cows are slaughtered just to make gut. The labor-intensive work needed to produce natural gut accounts for its high price compared with synthetic strings.
Natural gut is the best-playing string available; its power is unmatched. Natural gut will hold tension much better than any synthetic string, and it absorbs shock and vibration much better as well. The actual "dwell time" (time the ball is on the string bed) is longer with natural gut than it is with synthetics, so the player experiences a much greater feel. An old saying in the tennis world is this: "Once you have tried gut, you will never go back to a synthetic. You're hooked!"
Over the years, people have questioned the durability of natural gut. These doubts have arisen because some stringers don't know how to handle natural gut. Natural gut is extremely durable when handled correctly and remains playable longer than a normal synthetic string. Synthetic string will lose an average of 15 to 18 percent of initial tension in the first 24 hours after stringing. Natural gut will lose an average of only 5 to 8 percent. The synthetic string will become "dead" (lose its resiliency) after 15 to 20 hours of normal play, whereas natural gut will stay resilient for its entire life.
If you have had arm or shoulder problems, natural gut is the best remedy for you. It is made from hundreds of individual "ribbons" of the intestine, twisted together to form the string. Each ribbon acts independently as well as with others when a ball is struck. Each ribbon absorbs shock and vibration to deliver optimal power. Natural gut is considered a multifilament string and is available in many different gauges. All that you have learned about construction and gauge applies to natural gut. The following list further addresses its benefits and drawbacks. The advantages and disadvantages are as follows:
Advantages
- Power
- Control
- Tension maintenance
- Best for arm and shoulder
- Longevity of playability
Disadvantages
- Price
Save
Save
Save
Learn more about Nick Bollettieri's Tennis Handbook, 2nd Ed.
Types of Serves
For many years only one technique was taught for the serve. Set your feet shoulder-width apart, point your front foot toward the target, put your racket hand and ball-tossing hand in front of you at waist height, start with your racket hand and ball-tossing hand going down together and up together, and do not move your back foot until you make contact with the ball and step into the court.
For many years only one technique was taught for the serve. Set your feet shoulder-width apart, point your front foot toward the target, put your racket hand and ball-tossing hand in front of you at waist height, start with your racket hand and ball-tossing hand going down together and up together, and do not move your back foot until you make contact with the ball and step into the court. Wow, times have changed.
There are still classic service motions such as those used by Roger Federer and Pete Sampras, but many others used today are just as effective. There is the half motion where the racket does not go down but starts immediately upward, and there's also the abbreviated motion where the racket is set above the shoulder before the toss is made.
Nick's Tip
No matter what motion you have, when you have certain elements correct, you will have an effective serve. If they work, don't change them.
Elements of the Aggressive Serve
An aggressive serve can have different variations and if delivered properly will provide the server with an outright winner, an error by the returner, or a defensive reply by the returner. Here are the important elements of the aggressive serve.
Grip
It is acceptable for very young and basic beginners to learn to serve with the forehand grip they have become comfortable with. We make this exception in order to ensure that young players experience more success in the beginning. As they begin to progress and become open to adjustments to improve, it's time to introduce them to serving in a full continental grip. It is an essential fundamental to serving at higher levels of play.
Starting Position
Most players start with the ball and racket together. For the stance, the feet are approximately shoulder-width apart, preferably with the front foot pointed toward the net post. It is quite common for the pros to start with their body weight forward in the stance for the start position, then shift the weight to the back foot as they start the motion, then shift forward to toss and hit. It's all a matter of what you feel comfortable with. Coaches should look at the student's natural style and then determine what will be the best for him. See figure 5.5 for an example of a correct starting position for the serve.
Starting position for a serve.
Take-Back
There are several predominant styles of take-back. There's over the shoulder, used by Andy Roddick and Venus Williams. Then you have the classic Federer pendulum down swing that takes the racket up into position. There are other abbreviated take-backs as well. Regardless of which style you prefer, what's most important is that the hitting arm and racket are positioned properly and on time in the set-to-launch position. The take-back should be in sync with the timing of the toss action to ensure consistent toss - hit rhythm on the serve. See figure 5.6 for an example of a correct take-back for the serve.
Take-back for a serve.
Toss Action
To be precise with the toss, most pros keep the toss arm fully extended throughout the toss motion. The ball is released from the hand at approximately eye level. The toss arm continues upward until the palm of the toss hand faces toward the sky. As the toss arm starts going up, the body weight is shifting forward in the stance for the release of the ball to produce a straighter up and down ball path. The height of the toss varies based on the serve, but the ball should reach a height at least 12 inches (30 cm) higher than the top of the racket at contact. Players vary the ball position for the various types of serves, but as a general rule, you want your toss to remain inside the baseline and to the hitting-arm side of the body. See figure 5.7, a and b, for an example of a correct tossing action for the serve.
Tossing action for a serve.
Set to Launch: Platform and Pinpoint Stance
The platform stance describes the technique of those players who maintain the same starting stance throughout the motion. Platform servers such as Federer and Djokovic shift their weight forward for the set-to-launch position. As they bend their knees, the hips shift forward toward the toes of both feet as the chest angles upward toward the contact point. This chest angle aimed at the contact point is a crucial fundamental for developing a powerful and healthy serve motion. The shoulders tilt as the chest aims upward so that the tilted shoulders and arms establish a straight line with the contact point. The heels of the feet are elevated, indicating the weight is into the toes of both feet for the launch.
The pinpoint stance describes the technique of those players who bring the back foot forward to a position near the front foot for the set-to-launch. Many pros shift the front side of their hips forward over their toes to create a position similar to the look of a pole-vaulter's pole stretched back and bent into an arc shape. This stretched position enables the player to create an upward snap from the hip to launch the racket head up toward contact. With the body weight primarily on the front foot, the chest angle aims upward at the contact point, which is a crucial fundamental for developing a powerful and healthy serve motion. The shoulders tilt as the chest aims upward so that the shoulders and arms create a straight line with the contact point.
Save
Learn more about Nick Bollettieri's Tennis Handbook, 2nd Ed.
Practice Drills
Following are illustrations of several drills of each type discussed previously.
Following are illustrations of several drills of each type discussed previously.
Fed-Ball Drills
Warm-Up Drill
Objectives
- Establish an all-business mind-set for a productive practice session.
- Establish early preparation and timing for the contact point.
- Warm up the foundation and focus on good technique repetition.
- Hit to targets with high net clearance to promote depth.
Procedure
- The feeder hits two balls from the service line to alternating sides of the court.
- The student hits both balls down the line to the target area.
- The student rotates to the back of the line.
- All students move their feet.
Variations
- Add more balls to each rotation.
- Hit four, pick up four - the student hits four balls, then picks up four balls.
- Change direction to crosscourt patterns and short angles.
- Move students in to hit approach shots and volleys.
Windshield-Wiper Drill
Objectives
- Bring the group together to establish discipline, focus, and teamwork.
- Work groups of 8 to 12 students, all gaining benefit at once.
- Students warm up and focus on good technique repetition.
- Students hit to targets with high net clearance to promote depth.
Procedure
- The feeder hits two balls from the service line to alternating sides of the court.
- Students form one line at the baseline (curl the line around if there is not room behind the court).
- Students hit down the line to the target area and shadow on the other side.
- Students pick up balls, observe safety procedures, and rotate to the back of the line.
- All students shadow in time with the front two hitters.
Variations
- Add more balls to each rotation.
- Change direction to crosscourt patterns.
- Move students in to hit approach shots and volleys.
- When students hit from in the court, lines can go straight back.
Run-Around Forehand Drill
Objectives
- Develop the mind-set of using a weapon.
- Learn aggressive positioning in the court to take advantage of a big forehand.
- Learn to control the point through aggressive positioning.
- Hit to the target with power and accuracy.
Procedure
- The feeder hits one ball from the service line to the student's backhand side.
- The student is to run around the backhand and hit an inside-out forehand to the target.
- The student rotates to the back of the line.
- The feeder must build the confidence and willingness of students to "just hit the ball."
Variations
- Add a forehand down the line and then position yourself for an inside-out forehand.
- Change direction to an inside-in forehand (down the line).
- Approach the shot and finish with a volley to the other corner.
Run-Around Forehand and Short-Ball Drill
Objectives
- Develop a mind-set of returning every ball.
- Develop shot combinations around the inside-out forehand.
- Learn to close in and continue to attack the short ball.
- Hit to targets with power and accuracy.
Procedure
- The feeder hits the first ball from the service line to the student's backhand side.
- The student runs around the backhand and hits an inside-out forehand (see figure a).
- The feeder hits the second ball from the service line to the student's forehand side short.
- The student closes in and hits the approach down the line to finish the point (see figure b).
- The feeder must build confidence and willingness of students to "just hit the ball."
Variations
- Add a volley or overhead to the combination.
- Change direction to inside-in forehand (down the line).
- Students play out the point after the approach.
Learn more about Nick Bollettieri's Tennis Handbook, 2nd Ed.
Strings
Let’s start with the facts. The energy created in a tennis ball that meets a racket breaks down into the following components: 60 percent of the energy comes from the string bed (the strings in the racket). 30 percent of the energy comes from the ball (a rubber object in motion with its own energy). 10 percent of the energy comes from you and your racket frame (frame only, not the strings).
Let's start with the facts. The energy created in a tennis ball that meets a racket breaks down into the following components:
- 60 percent of the energy comes from the string bed (the strings in the racket).
- 30 percent of the energy comes from the ball (a rubber object in motion with its own energy).
- 10 percent of the energy comes from you and your racket frame (frame only, not the strings).
This proves the importance of proper stringing, correct tension, string type, quality of strings, and age (freshness or resilience) of strings. With this in mind, let's start with the most important item in hitting a tennis ball, the strings.
The 10 Commandments of Strings
Whatever type or brand of string you use, the following 10 commandments of strings apply. Study each carefully. They will help explain the many differences in today's string selections and how they can affect your game.
- Lower string tension generates more power (providing that excessive string movement doesn't occur).
- Higher string tension generates more ball control (with less power, placement of the ball improves).
- A longer string, or string-plane area, produces more power.
- Lower string density (fewer strings in the string pattern) generates more power.
- Thinner strings generate more power.
- Strings with more elasticity generate more power and absorb more shock at impact.
- Softer strings, or strings with a softer coating, tend to vibrate less.
- Thinner strings produce more spin on the ball.
- Lower string density (fewer strings) generates more spin on the ball.
- The more elastic the string, the more tension is lost in the racket after a string job (prestretching will reduce this effect).
String Types and Construction
Not too long ago, players had just two choices in strings - natural-gut strings or nylon strings. Natural-gut strings have been used since tennis was invented. Most top professional players still use natural gut because of its amazing characteristics, which are found only in a natural fiber.
Today, many nylon strings are referred to as synthetic-gut strings. This name can be misleading. The most important point to remember is that all such strings are made from a nylon-based product. True, many synthetic-gut strings have special features that make them last longer than regular nylon strings, but in basic chemical analysis they are virtually the same product.
If the added features of a specific synthetic-gut string favor your game, feel confident in continuing to use that product. But remember, a freshly strung racket with the basic nylon string will greatly outperform an expensive synthetic-gut string that is old and has lost its resiliency.
The basic construction types in today's nylon or synthetic-gut strings can be classified into the following groups. Each construction technique is for a specific purpose.
- Solid core (polyester strings)
- Solid core (single wrap)
- Solid core (multiwrap)
- Multifilament
- Multicore (single wrap)
- Multicore (multiwrap)
- Composites
- Aramid fiber and hybrids (Kevlar and other materials)
Of these construction types, solid core with a single wrap is by far the most widely manufactured string, making up more than 70 percent of all strings manufactured today. The main reason for the wide acceptance of this string is its overall performance at a price much lower than the price of natural gut.
To help you find the best string type for your individual game, take a look at table 14.1. Refer to later sections on construction and gauge to fine-tune these recommendations.
To define each type of string better, let's look at a few of the more popular groups and their playing characteristics.
Solid-Core Synthetic Strings
Polyester strings fall into the solid-core category. Although they have been around for many years, polyester strings have recently found great popularity among players at all levels. Like all synthetic strings, they are available in different gauges (string thickness) and from a variety of manufacturers. The advantages and disadvantages are as follows:
Advantages
- Durability
- Greater control
- Claims of exceptional feel
- Resists notching
Disadvantages
- Tension loss
- Less ball speed
- Increased shock and vibration
- Difficult to install (for stringer)
Note that polyester string is less resilient than other synthetics, so a claim of more control also means the player cannot hit the ball as hard.
Solid-Core (Single Wrap) Synthetic Strings
Solid-core synthetic strings with a single wrap make up 70 percent of today's string market. These popular strings derive their durability from having a large solid core. An outer wrap of smaller filaments (or fibers) improves tension retention. The outer wrap assists in two ways by (1) helping to hold the tension on the string and (2) protecting the core from notching and other abrasions caused by impact with the ball.
Because of the string's popularity, a wide choice of gauges is available. Manufacturers price their strings competitively. If this is the best-playing string type for you, shop around. You can probably find the same string from several companies, differing only in packaging and pricing. The advantages and disadvantages are as follows:
Advantages
- Wide variety of gauges
- Excellent value
- Very durable (thicker gauges)
- Balance between power and control
Disadvantages
- Too many choices
- Better strings overlooked
- Will go "dead" before breaking
- Shock and vibration to arm
Multifilament Synthetic Strings
Multifilament synthetic strings are coreless and have multiple synthetic fibers twisted together in a manner similar to natural gut. Fibers vary in thickness and number. The biggest advantage of this type of construction is playability. These strings are technically difficult to produce and carry the highest price tag among synthetic strings. They are the best-playing synthetic-gut strings and most closely resemble natural gut in all characteristics. The advantages and disadvantages are as follows:
Advantages
- Exceptional feel
- Increased power
- Less shock and vibration to arm
- Excellent for wide-body frames
Disadvantages
- Tension loss
- Premature breakage
- Susceptible to notching from topspin
Natural Gut
Despite the countless number of synthetics on the market today, most players still judge natural gut the best, although many of the top professional players have moved to the polyester category or to a hybrid of polyester and natural gut. String manufacturers try vigorously to duplicate its exceptional feel and playability, but so far they have fallen short. Thus we often hear or read the statement "Plays most similar to natural gut."
Natural gut is made from high-grade beef intestine. Only the upper part of the intestine is used. The process is a delicate, hands-on procedure that requires up to three months from start to finish. Note that natural gut is a by-product of the beef industry. No cows are slaughtered just to make gut. The labor-intensive work needed to produce natural gut accounts for its high price compared with synthetic strings.
Natural gut is the best-playing string available; its power is unmatched. Natural gut will hold tension much better than any synthetic string, and it absorbs shock and vibration much better as well. The actual "dwell time" (time the ball is on the string bed) is longer with natural gut than it is with synthetics, so the player experiences a much greater feel. An old saying in the tennis world is this: "Once you have tried gut, you will never go back to a synthetic. You're hooked!"
Over the years, people have questioned the durability of natural gut. These doubts have arisen because some stringers don't know how to handle natural gut. Natural gut is extremely durable when handled correctly and remains playable longer than a normal synthetic string. Synthetic string will lose an average of 15 to 18 percent of initial tension in the first 24 hours after stringing. Natural gut will lose an average of only 5 to 8 percent. The synthetic string will become "dead" (lose its resiliency) after 15 to 20 hours of normal play, whereas natural gut will stay resilient for its entire life.
If you have had arm or shoulder problems, natural gut is the best remedy for you. It is made from hundreds of individual "ribbons" of the intestine, twisted together to form the string. Each ribbon acts independently as well as with others when a ball is struck. Each ribbon absorbs shock and vibration to deliver optimal power. Natural gut is considered a multifilament string and is available in many different gauges. All that you have learned about construction and gauge applies to natural gut. The following list further addresses its benefits and drawbacks. The advantages and disadvantages are as follows:
Advantages
- Power
- Control
- Tension maintenance
- Best for arm and shoulder
- Longevity of playability
Disadvantages
- Price
Save
Save
Save
Learn more about Nick Bollettieri's Tennis Handbook, 2nd Ed.
Types of Serves
For many years only one technique was taught for the serve. Set your feet shoulder-width apart, point your front foot toward the target, put your racket hand and ball-tossing hand in front of you at waist height, start with your racket hand and ball-tossing hand going down together and up together, and do not move your back foot until you make contact with the ball and step into the court.
For many years only one technique was taught for the serve. Set your feet shoulder-width apart, point your front foot toward the target, put your racket hand and ball-tossing hand in front of you at waist height, start with your racket hand and ball-tossing hand going down together and up together, and do not move your back foot until you make contact with the ball and step into the court. Wow, times have changed.
There are still classic service motions such as those used by Roger Federer and Pete Sampras, but many others used today are just as effective. There is the half motion where the racket does not go down but starts immediately upward, and there's also the abbreviated motion where the racket is set above the shoulder before the toss is made.
Nick's Tip
No matter what motion you have, when you have certain elements correct, you will have an effective serve. If they work, don't change them.
Elements of the Aggressive Serve
An aggressive serve can have different variations and if delivered properly will provide the server with an outright winner, an error by the returner, or a defensive reply by the returner. Here are the important elements of the aggressive serve.
Grip
It is acceptable for very young and basic beginners to learn to serve with the forehand grip they have become comfortable with. We make this exception in order to ensure that young players experience more success in the beginning. As they begin to progress and become open to adjustments to improve, it's time to introduce them to serving in a full continental grip. It is an essential fundamental to serving at higher levels of play.
Starting Position
Most players start with the ball and racket together. For the stance, the feet are approximately shoulder-width apart, preferably with the front foot pointed toward the net post. It is quite common for the pros to start with their body weight forward in the stance for the start position, then shift the weight to the back foot as they start the motion, then shift forward to toss and hit. It's all a matter of what you feel comfortable with. Coaches should look at the student's natural style and then determine what will be the best for him. See figure 5.5 for an example of a correct starting position for the serve.
Starting position for a serve.
Take-Back
There are several predominant styles of take-back. There's over the shoulder, used by Andy Roddick and Venus Williams. Then you have the classic Federer pendulum down swing that takes the racket up into position. There are other abbreviated take-backs as well. Regardless of which style you prefer, what's most important is that the hitting arm and racket are positioned properly and on time in the set-to-launch position. The take-back should be in sync with the timing of the toss action to ensure consistent toss - hit rhythm on the serve. See figure 5.6 for an example of a correct take-back for the serve.
Take-back for a serve.
Toss Action
To be precise with the toss, most pros keep the toss arm fully extended throughout the toss motion. The ball is released from the hand at approximately eye level. The toss arm continues upward until the palm of the toss hand faces toward the sky. As the toss arm starts going up, the body weight is shifting forward in the stance for the release of the ball to produce a straighter up and down ball path. The height of the toss varies based on the serve, but the ball should reach a height at least 12 inches (30 cm) higher than the top of the racket at contact. Players vary the ball position for the various types of serves, but as a general rule, you want your toss to remain inside the baseline and to the hitting-arm side of the body. See figure 5.7, a and b, for an example of a correct tossing action for the serve.
Tossing action for a serve.
Set to Launch: Platform and Pinpoint Stance
The platform stance describes the technique of those players who maintain the same starting stance throughout the motion. Platform servers such as Federer and Djokovic shift their weight forward for the set-to-launch position. As they bend their knees, the hips shift forward toward the toes of both feet as the chest angles upward toward the contact point. This chest angle aimed at the contact point is a crucial fundamental for developing a powerful and healthy serve motion. The shoulders tilt as the chest aims upward so that the tilted shoulders and arms establish a straight line with the contact point. The heels of the feet are elevated, indicating the weight is into the toes of both feet for the launch.
The pinpoint stance describes the technique of those players who bring the back foot forward to a position near the front foot for the set-to-launch. Many pros shift the front side of their hips forward over their toes to create a position similar to the look of a pole-vaulter's pole stretched back and bent into an arc shape. This stretched position enables the player to create an upward snap from the hip to launch the racket head up toward contact. With the body weight primarily on the front foot, the chest angle aims upward at the contact point, which is a crucial fundamental for developing a powerful and healthy serve motion. The shoulders tilt as the chest aims upward so that the shoulders and arms create a straight line with the contact point.
Save
Learn more about Nick Bollettieri's Tennis Handbook, 2nd Ed.
Practice Drills
Following are illustrations of several drills of each type discussed previously.
Following are illustrations of several drills of each type discussed previously.
Fed-Ball Drills
Warm-Up Drill
Objectives
- Establish an all-business mind-set for a productive practice session.
- Establish early preparation and timing for the contact point.
- Warm up the foundation and focus on good technique repetition.
- Hit to targets with high net clearance to promote depth.
Procedure
- The feeder hits two balls from the service line to alternating sides of the court.
- The student hits both balls down the line to the target area.
- The student rotates to the back of the line.
- All students move their feet.
Variations
- Add more balls to each rotation.
- Hit four, pick up four - the student hits four balls, then picks up four balls.
- Change direction to crosscourt patterns and short angles.
- Move students in to hit approach shots and volleys.
Windshield-Wiper Drill
Objectives
- Bring the group together to establish discipline, focus, and teamwork.
- Work groups of 8 to 12 students, all gaining benefit at once.
- Students warm up and focus on good technique repetition.
- Students hit to targets with high net clearance to promote depth.
Procedure
- The feeder hits two balls from the service line to alternating sides of the court.
- Students form one line at the baseline (curl the line around if there is not room behind the court).
- Students hit down the line to the target area and shadow on the other side.
- Students pick up balls, observe safety procedures, and rotate to the back of the line.
- All students shadow in time with the front two hitters.
Variations
- Add more balls to each rotation.
- Change direction to crosscourt patterns.
- Move students in to hit approach shots and volleys.
- When students hit from in the court, lines can go straight back.
Run-Around Forehand Drill
Objectives
- Develop the mind-set of using a weapon.
- Learn aggressive positioning in the court to take advantage of a big forehand.
- Learn to control the point through aggressive positioning.
- Hit to the target with power and accuracy.
Procedure
- The feeder hits one ball from the service line to the student's backhand side.
- The student is to run around the backhand and hit an inside-out forehand to the target.
- The student rotates to the back of the line.
- The feeder must build the confidence and willingness of students to "just hit the ball."
Variations
- Add a forehand down the line and then position yourself for an inside-out forehand.
- Change direction to an inside-in forehand (down the line).
- Approach the shot and finish with a volley to the other corner.
Run-Around Forehand and Short-Ball Drill
Objectives
- Develop a mind-set of returning every ball.
- Develop shot combinations around the inside-out forehand.
- Learn to close in and continue to attack the short ball.
- Hit to targets with power and accuracy.
Procedure
- The feeder hits the first ball from the service line to the student's backhand side.
- The student runs around the backhand and hits an inside-out forehand (see figure a).
- The feeder hits the second ball from the service line to the student's forehand side short.
- The student closes in and hits the approach down the line to finish the point (see figure b).
- The feeder must build confidence and willingness of students to "just hit the ball."
Variations
- Add a volley or overhead to the combination.
- Change direction to inside-in forehand (down the line).
- Students play out the point after the approach.
Learn more about Nick Bollettieri's Tennis Handbook, 2nd Ed.
Strings
Let’s start with the facts. The energy created in a tennis ball that meets a racket breaks down into the following components: 60 percent of the energy comes from the string bed (the strings in the racket). 30 percent of the energy comes from the ball (a rubber object in motion with its own energy). 10 percent of the energy comes from you and your racket frame (frame only, not the strings).
Let's start with the facts. The energy created in a tennis ball that meets a racket breaks down into the following components:
- 60 percent of the energy comes from the string bed (the strings in the racket).
- 30 percent of the energy comes from the ball (a rubber object in motion with its own energy).
- 10 percent of the energy comes from you and your racket frame (frame only, not the strings).
This proves the importance of proper stringing, correct tension, string type, quality of strings, and age (freshness or resilience) of strings. With this in mind, let's start with the most important item in hitting a tennis ball, the strings.
The 10 Commandments of Strings
Whatever type or brand of string you use, the following 10 commandments of strings apply. Study each carefully. They will help explain the many differences in today's string selections and how they can affect your game.
- Lower string tension generates more power (providing that excessive string movement doesn't occur).
- Higher string tension generates more ball control (with less power, placement of the ball improves).
- A longer string, or string-plane area, produces more power.
- Lower string density (fewer strings in the string pattern) generates more power.
- Thinner strings generate more power.
- Strings with more elasticity generate more power and absorb more shock at impact.
- Softer strings, or strings with a softer coating, tend to vibrate less.
- Thinner strings produce more spin on the ball.
- Lower string density (fewer strings) generates more spin on the ball.
- The more elastic the string, the more tension is lost in the racket after a string job (prestretching will reduce this effect).
String Types and Construction
Not too long ago, players had just two choices in strings - natural-gut strings or nylon strings. Natural-gut strings have been used since tennis was invented. Most top professional players still use natural gut because of its amazing characteristics, which are found only in a natural fiber.
Today, many nylon strings are referred to as synthetic-gut strings. This name can be misleading. The most important point to remember is that all such strings are made from a nylon-based product. True, many synthetic-gut strings have special features that make them last longer than regular nylon strings, but in basic chemical analysis they are virtually the same product.
If the added features of a specific synthetic-gut string favor your game, feel confident in continuing to use that product. But remember, a freshly strung racket with the basic nylon string will greatly outperform an expensive synthetic-gut string that is old and has lost its resiliency.
The basic construction types in today's nylon or synthetic-gut strings can be classified into the following groups. Each construction technique is for a specific purpose.
- Solid core (polyester strings)
- Solid core (single wrap)
- Solid core (multiwrap)
- Multifilament
- Multicore (single wrap)
- Multicore (multiwrap)
- Composites
- Aramid fiber and hybrids (Kevlar and other materials)
Of these construction types, solid core with a single wrap is by far the most widely manufactured string, making up more than 70 percent of all strings manufactured today. The main reason for the wide acceptance of this string is its overall performance at a price much lower than the price of natural gut.
To help you find the best string type for your individual game, take a look at table 14.1. Refer to later sections on construction and gauge to fine-tune these recommendations.
To define each type of string better, let's look at a few of the more popular groups and their playing characteristics.
Solid-Core Synthetic Strings
Polyester strings fall into the solid-core category. Although they have been around for many years, polyester strings have recently found great popularity among players at all levels. Like all synthetic strings, they are available in different gauges (string thickness) and from a variety of manufacturers. The advantages and disadvantages are as follows:
Advantages
- Durability
- Greater control
- Claims of exceptional feel
- Resists notching
Disadvantages
- Tension loss
- Less ball speed
- Increased shock and vibration
- Difficult to install (for stringer)
Note that polyester string is less resilient than other synthetics, so a claim of more control also means the player cannot hit the ball as hard.
Solid-Core (Single Wrap) Synthetic Strings
Solid-core synthetic strings with a single wrap make up 70 percent of today's string market. These popular strings derive their durability from having a large solid core. An outer wrap of smaller filaments (or fibers) improves tension retention. The outer wrap assists in two ways by (1) helping to hold the tension on the string and (2) protecting the core from notching and other abrasions caused by impact with the ball.
Because of the string's popularity, a wide choice of gauges is available. Manufacturers price their strings competitively. If this is the best-playing string type for you, shop around. You can probably find the same string from several companies, differing only in packaging and pricing. The advantages and disadvantages are as follows:
Advantages
- Wide variety of gauges
- Excellent value
- Very durable (thicker gauges)
- Balance between power and control
Disadvantages
- Too many choices
- Better strings overlooked
- Will go "dead" before breaking
- Shock and vibration to arm
Multifilament Synthetic Strings
Multifilament synthetic strings are coreless and have multiple synthetic fibers twisted together in a manner similar to natural gut. Fibers vary in thickness and number. The biggest advantage of this type of construction is playability. These strings are technically difficult to produce and carry the highest price tag among synthetic strings. They are the best-playing synthetic-gut strings and most closely resemble natural gut in all characteristics. The advantages and disadvantages are as follows:
Advantages
- Exceptional feel
- Increased power
- Less shock and vibration to arm
- Excellent for wide-body frames
Disadvantages
- Tension loss
- Premature breakage
- Susceptible to notching from topspin
Natural Gut
Despite the countless number of synthetics on the market today, most players still judge natural gut the best, although many of the top professional players have moved to the polyester category or to a hybrid of polyester and natural gut. String manufacturers try vigorously to duplicate its exceptional feel and playability, but so far they have fallen short. Thus we often hear or read the statement "Plays most similar to natural gut."
Natural gut is made from high-grade beef intestine. Only the upper part of the intestine is used. The process is a delicate, hands-on procedure that requires up to three months from start to finish. Note that natural gut is a by-product of the beef industry. No cows are slaughtered just to make gut. The labor-intensive work needed to produce natural gut accounts for its high price compared with synthetic strings.
Natural gut is the best-playing string available; its power is unmatched. Natural gut will hold tension much better than any synthetic string, and it absorbs shock and vibration much better as well. The actual "dwell time" (time the ball is on the string bed) is longer with natural gut than it is with synthetics, so the player experiences a much greater feel. An old saying in the tennis world is this: "Once you have tried gut, you will never go back to a synthetic. You're hooked!"
Over the years, people have questioned the durability of natural gut. These doubts have arisen because some stringers don't know how to handle natural gut. Natural gut is extremely durable when handled correctly and remains playable longer than a normal synthetic string. Synthetic string will lose an average of 15 to 18 percent of initial tension in the first 24 hours after stringing. Natural gut will lose an average of only 5 to 8 percent. The synthetic string will become "dead" (lose its resiliency) after 15 to 20 hours of normal play, whereas natural gut will stay resilient for its entire life.
If you have had arm or shoulder problems, natural gut is the best remedy for you. It is made from hundreds of individual "ribbons" of the intestine, twisted together to form the string. Each ribbon acts independently as well as with others when a ball is struck. Each ribbon absorbs shock and vibration to deliver optimal power. Natural gut is considered a multifilament string and is available in many different gauges. All that you have learned about construction and gauge applies to natural gut. The following list further addresses its benefits and drawbacks. The advantages and disadvantages are as follows:
Advantages
- Power
- Control
- Tension maintenance
- Best for arm and shoulder
- Longevity of playability
Disadvantages
- Price
Save
Save
Save
Learn more about Nick Bollettieri's Tennis Handbook, 2nd Ed.
Types of Serves
For many years only one technique was taught for the serve. Set your feet shoulder-width apart, point your front foot toward the target, put your racket hand and ball-tossing hand in front of you at waist height, start with your racket hand and ball-tossing hand going down together and up together, and do not move your back foot until you make contact with the ball and step into the court.
For many years only one technique was taught for the serve. Set your feet shoulder-width apart, point your front foot toward the target, put your racket hand and ball-tossing hand in front of you at waist height, start with your racket hand and ball-tossing hand going down together and up together, and do not move your back foot until you make contact with the ball and step into the court. Wow, times have changed.
There are still classic service motions such as those used by Roger Federer and Pete Sampras, but many others used today are just as effective. There is the half motion where the racket does not go down but starts immediately upward, and there's also the abbreviated motion where the racket is set above the shoulder before the toss is made.
Nick's Tip
No matter what motion you have, when you have certain elements correct, you will have an effective serve. If they work, don't change them.
Elements of the Aggressive Serve
An aggressive serve can have different variations and if delivered properly will provide the server with an outright winner, an error by the returner, or a defensive reply by the returner. Here are the important elements of the aggressive serve.
Grip
It is acceptable for very young and basic beginners to learn to serve with the forehand grip they have become comfortable with. We make this exception in order to ensure that young players experience more success in the beginning. As they begin to progress and become open to adjustments to improve, it's time to introduce them to serving in a full continental grip. It is an essential fundamental to serving at higher levels of play.
Starting Position
Most players start with the ball and racket together. For the stance, the feet are approximately shoulder-width apart, preferably with the front foot pointed toward the net post. It is quite common for the pros to start with their body weight forward in the stance for the start position, then shift the weight to the back foot as they start the motion, then shift forward to toss and hit. It's all a matter of what you feel comfortable with. Coaches should look at the student's natural style and then determine what will be the best for him. See figure 5.5 for an example of a correct starting position for the serve.
Starting position for a serve.
Take-Back
There are several predominant styles of take-back. There's over the shoulder, used by Andy Roddick and Venus Williams. Then you have the classic Federer pendulum down swing that takes the racket up into position. There are other abbreviated take-backs as well. Regardless of which style you prefer, what's most important is that the hitting arm and racket are positioned properly and on time in the set-to-launch position. The take-back should be in sync with the timing of the toss action to ensure consistent toss - hit rhythm on the serve. See figure 5.6 for an example of a correct take-back for the serve.
Take-back for a serve.
Toss Action
To be precise with the toss, most pros keep the toss arm fully extended throughout the toss motion. The ball is released from the hand at approximately eye level. The toss arm continues upward until the palm of the toss hand faces toward the sky. As the toss arm starts going up, the body weight is shifting forward in the stance for the release of the ball to produce a straighter up and down ball path. The height of the toss varies based on the serve, but the ball should reach a height at least 12 inches (30 cm) higher than the top of the racket at contact. Players vary the ball position for the various types of serves, but as a general rule, you want your toss to remain inside the baseline and to the hitting-arm side of the body. See figure 5.7, a and b, for an example of a correct tossing action for the serve.
Tossing action for a serve.
Set to Launch: Platform and Pinpoint Stance
The platform stance describes the technique of those players who maintain the same starting stance throughout the motion. Platform servers such as Federer and Djokovic shift their weight forward for the set-to-launch position. As they bend their knees, the hips shift forward toward the toes of both feet as the chest angles upward toward the contact point. This chest angle aimed at the contact point is a crucial fundamental for developing a powerful and healthy serve motion. The shoulders tilt as the chest aims upward so that the tilted shoulders and arms establish a straight line with the contact point. The heels of the feet are elevated, indicating the weight is into the toes of both feet for the launch.
The pinpoint stance describes the technique of those players who bring the back foot forward to a position near the front foot for the set-to-launch. Many pros shift the front side of their hips forward over their toes to create a position similar to the look of a pole-vaulter's pole stretched back and bent into an arc shape. This stretched position enables the player to create an upward snap from the hip to launch the racket head up toward contact. With the body weight primarily on the front foot, the chest angle aims upward at the contact point, which is a crucial fundamental for developing a powerful and healthy serve motion. The shoulders tilt as the chest aims upward so that the shoulders and arms create a straight line with the contact point.
Save
Learn more about Nick Bollettieri's Tennis Handbook, 2nd Ed.
Practice Drills
Following are illustrations of several drills of each type discussed previously.
Following are illustrations of several drills of each type discussed previously.
Fed-Ball Drills
Warm-Up Drill
Objectives
- Establish an all-business mind-set for a productive practice session.
- Establish early preparation and timing for the contact point.
- Warm up the foundation and focus on good technique repetition.
- Hit to targets with high net clearance to promote depth.
Procedure
- The feeder hits two balls from the service line to alternating sides of the court.
- The student hits both balls down the line to the target area.
- The student rotates to the back of the line.
- All students move their feet.
Variations
- Add more balls to each rotation.
- Hit four, pick up four - the student hits four balls, then picks up four balls.
- Change direction to crosscourt patterns and short angles.
- Move students in to hit approach shots and volleys.
Windshield-Wiper Drill
Objectives
- Bring the group together to establish discipline, focus, and teamwork.
- Work groups of 8 to 12 students, all gaining benefit at once.
- Students warm up and focus on good technique repetition.
- Students hit to targets with high net clearance to promote depth.
Procedure
- The feeder hits two balls from the service line to alternating sides of the court.
- Students form one line at the baseline (curl the line around if there is not room behind the court).
- Students hit down the line to the target area and shadow on the other side.
- Students pick up balls, observe safety procedures, and rotate to the back of the line.
- All students shadow in time with the front two hitters.
Variations
- Add more balls to each rotation.
- Change direction to crosscourt patterns.
- Move students in to hit approach shots and volleys.
- When students hit from in the court, lines can go straight back.
Run-Around Forehand Drill
Objectives
- Develop the mind-set of using a weapon.
- Learn aggressive positioning in the court to take advantage of a big forehand.
- Learn to control the point through aggressive positioning.
- Hit to the target with power and accuracy.
Procedure
- The feeder hits one ball from the service line to the student's backhand side.
- The student is to run around the backhand and hit an inside-out forehand to the target.
- The student rotates to the back of the line.
- The feeder must build the confidence and willingness of students to "just hit the ball."
Variations
- Add a forehand down the line and then position yourself for an inside-out forehand.
- Change direction to an inside-in forehand (down the line).
- Approach the shot and finish with a volley to the other corner.
Run-Around Forehand and Short-Ball Drill
Objectives
- Develop a mind-set of returning every ball.
- Develop shot combinations around the inside-out forehand.
- Learn to close in and continue to attack the short ball.
- Hit to targets with power and accuracy.
Procedure
- The feeder hits the first ball from the service line to the student's backhand side.
- The student runs around the backhand and hits an inside-out forehand (see figure a).
- The feeder hits the second ball from the service line to the student's forehand side short.
- The student closes in and hits the approach down the line to finish the point (see figure b).
- The feeder must build confidence and willingness of students to "just hit the ball."
Variations
- Add a volley or overhead to the combination.
- Change direction to inside-in forehand (down the line).
- Students play out the point after the approach.
Learn more about Nick Bollettieri's Tennis Handbook, 2nd Ed.
Strings
Let’s start with the facts. The energy created in a tennis ball that meets a racket breaks down into the following components: 60 percent of the energy comes from the string bed (the strings in the racket). 30 percent of the energy comes from the ball (a rubber object in motion with its own energy). 10 percent of the energy comes from you and your racket frame (frame only, not the strings).
Let's start with the facts. The energy created in a tennis ball that meets a racket breaks down into the following components:
- 60 percent of the energy comes from the string bed (the strings in the racket).
- 30 percent of the energy comes from the ball (a rubber object in motion with its own energy).
- 10 percent of the energy comes from you and your racket frame (frame only, not the strings).
This proves the importance of proper stringing, correct tension, string type, quality of strings, and age (freshness or resilience) of strings. With this in mind, let's start with the most important item in hitting a tennis ball, the strings.
The 10 Commandments of Strings
Whatever type or brand of string you use, the following 10 commandments of strings apply. Study each carefully. They will help explain the many differences in today's string selections and how they can affect your game.
- Lower string tension generates more power (providing that excessive string movement doesn't occur).
- Higher string tension generates more ball control (with less power, placement of the ball improves).
- A longer string, or string-plane area, produces more power.
- Lower string density (fewer strings in the string pattern) generates more power.
- Thinner strings generate more power.
- Strings with more elasticity generate more power and absorb more shock at impact.
- Softer strings, or strings with a softer coating, tend to vibrate less.
- Thinner strings produce more spin on the ball.
- Lower string density (fewer strings) generates more spin on the ball.
- The more elastic the string, the more tension is lost in the racket after a string job (prestretching will reduce this effect).
String Types and Construction
Not too long ago, players had just two choices in strings - natural-gut strings or nylon strings. Natural-gut strings have been used since tennis was invented. Most top professional players still use natural gut because of its amazing characteristics, which are found only in a natural fiber.
Today, many nylon strings are referred to as synthetic-gut strings. This name can be misleading. The most important point to remember is that all such strings are made from a nylon-based product. True, many synthetic-gut strings have special features that make them last longer than regular nylon strings, but in basic chemical analysis they are virtually the same product.
If the added features of a specific synthetic-gut string favor your game, feel confident in continuing to use that product. But remember, a freshly strung racket with the basic nylon string will greatly outperform an expensive synthetic-gut string that is old and has lost its resiliency.
The basic construction types in today's nylon or synthetic-gut strings can be classified into the following groups. Each construction technique is for a specific purpose.
- Solid core (polyester strings)
- Solid core (single wrap)
- Solid core (multiwrap)
- Multifilament
- Multicore (single wrap)
- Multicore (multiwrap)
- Composites
- Aramid fiber and hybrids (Kevlar and other materials)
Of these construction types, solid core with a single wrap is by far the most widely manufactured string, making up more than 70 percent of all strings manufactured today. The main reason for the wide acceptance of this string is its overall performance at a price much lower than the price of natural gut.
To help you find the best string type for your individual game, take a look at table 14.1. Refer to later sections on construction and gauge to fine-tune these recommendations.
To define each type of string better, let's look at a few of the more popular groups and their playing characteristics.
Solid-Core Synthetic Strings
Polyester strings fall into the solid-core category. Although they have been around for many years, polyester strings have recently found great popularity among players at all levels. Like all synthetic strings, they are available in different gauges (string thickness) and from a variety of manufacturers. The advantages and disadvantages are as follows:
Advantages
- Durability
- Greater control
- Claims of exceptional feel
- Resists notching
Disadvantages
- Tension loss
- Less ball speed
- Increased shock and vibration
- Difficult to install (for stringer)
Note that polyester string is less resilient than other synthetics, so a claim of more control also means the player cannot hit the ball as hard.
Solid-Core (Single Wrap) Synthetic Strings
Solid-core synthetic strings with a single wrap make up 70 percent of today's string market. These popular strings derive their durability from having a large solid core. An outer wrap of smaller filaments (or fibers) improves tension retention. The outer wrap assists in two ways by (1) helping to hold the tension on the string and (2) protecting the core from notching and other abrasions caused by impact with the ball.
Because of the string's popularity, a wide choice of gauges is available. Manufacturers price their strings competitively. If this is the best-playing string type for you, shop around. You can probably find the same string from several companies, differing only in packaging and pricing. The advantages and disadvantages are as follows:
Advantages
- Wide variety of gauges
- Excellent value
- Very durable (thicker gauges)
- Balance between power and control
Disadvantages
- Too many choices
- Better strings overlooked
- Will go "dead" before breaking
- Shock and vibration to arm
Multifilament Synthetic Strings
Multifilament synthetic strings are coreless and have multiple synthetic fibers twisted together in a manner similar to natural gut. Fibers vary in thickness and number. The biggest advantage of this type of construction is playability. These strings are technically difficult to produce and carry the highest price tag among synthetic strings. They are the best-playing synthetic-gut strings and most closely resemble natural gut in all characteristics. The advantages and disadvantages are as follows:
Advantages
- Exceptional feel
- Increased power
- Less shock and vibration to arm
- Excellent for wide-body frames
Disadvantages
- Tension loss
- Premature breakage
- Susceptible to notching from topspin
Natural Gut
Despite the countless number of synthetics on the market today, most players still judge natural gut the best, although many of the top professional players have moved to the polyester category or to a hybrid of polyester and natural gut. String manufacturers try vigorously to duplicate its exceptional feel and playability, but so far they have fallen short. Thus we often hear or read the statement "Plays most similar to natural gut."
Natural gut is made from high-grade beef intestine. Only the upper part of the intestine is used. The process is a delicate, hands-on procedure that requires up to three months from start to finish. Note that natural gut is a by-product of the beef industry. No cows are slaughtered just to make gut. The labor-intensive work needed to produce natural gut accounts for its high price compared with synthetic strings.
Natural gut is the best-playing string available; its power is unmatched. Natural gut will hold tension much better than any synthetic string, and it absorbs shock and vibration much better as well. The actual "dwell time" (time the ball is on the string bed) is longer with natural gut than it is with synthetics, so the player experiences a much greater feel. An old saying in the tennis world is this: "Once you have tried gut, you will never go back to a synthetic. You're hooked!"
Over the years, people have questioned the durability of natural gut. These doubts have arisen because some stringers don't know how to handle natural gut. Natural gut is extremely durable when handled correctly and remains playable longer than a normal synthetic string. Synthetic string will lose an average of 15 to 18 percent of initial tension in the first 24 hours after stringing. Natural gut will lose an average of only 5 to 8 percent. The synthetic string will become "dead" (lose its resiliency) after 15 to 20 hours of normal play, whereas natural gut will stay resilient for its entire life.
If you have had arm or shoulder problems, natural gut is the best remedy for you. It is made from hundreds of individual "ribbons" of the intestine, twisted together to form the string. Each ribbon acts independently as well as with others when a ball is struck. Each ribbon absorbs shock and vibration to deliver optimal power. Natural gut is considered a multifilament string and is available in many different gauges. All that you have learned about construction and gauge applies to natural gut. The following list further addresses its benefits and drawbacks. The advantages and disadvantages are as follows:
Advantages
- Power
- Control
- Tension maintenance
- Best for arm and shoulder
- Longevity of playability
Disadvantages
- Price
Save
Save
Save
Learn more about Nick Bollettieri's Tennis Handbook, 2nd Ed.
Types of Serves
For many years only one technique was taught for the serve. Set your feet shoulder-width apart, point your front foot toward the target, put your racket hand and ball-tossing hand in front of you at waist height, start with your racket hand and ball-tossing hand going down together and up together, and do not move your back foot until you make contact with the ball and step into the court.
For many years only one technique was taught for the serve. Set your feet shoulder-width apart, point your front foot toward the target, put your racket hand and ball-tossing hand in front of you at waist height, start with your racket hand and ball-tossing hand going down together and up together, and do not move your back foot until you make contact with the ball and step into the court. Wow, times have changed.
There are still classic service motions such as those used by Roger Federer and Pete Sampras, but many others used today are just as effective. There is the half motion where the racket does not go down but starts immediately upward, and there's also the abbreviated motion where the racket is set above the shoulder before the toss is made.
Nick's Tip
No matter what motion you have, when you have certain elements correct, you will have an effective serve. If they work, don't change them.
Elements of the Aggressive Serve
An aggressive serve can have different variations and if delivered properly will provide the server with an outright winner, an error by the returner, or a defensive reply by the returner. Here are the important elements of the aggressive serve.
Grip
It is acceptable for very young and basic beginners to learn to serve with the forehand grip they have become comfortable with. We make this exception in order to ensure that young players experience more success in the beginning. As they begin to progress and become open to adjustments to improve, it's time to introduce them to serving in a full continental grip. It is an essential fundamental to serving at higher levels of play.
Starting Position
Most players start with the ball and racket together. For the stance, the feet are approximately shoulder-width apart, preferably with the front foot pointed toward the net post. It is quite common for the pros to start with their body weight forward in the stance for the start position, then shift the weight to the back foot as they start the motion, then shift forward to toss and hit. It's all a matter of what you feel comfortable with. Coaches should look at the student's natural style and then determine what will be the best for him. See figure 5.5 for an example of a correct starting position for the serve.
Starting position for a serve.
Take-Back
There are several predominant styles of take-back. There's over the shoulder, used by Andy Roddick and Venus Williams. Then you have the classic Federer pendulum down swing that takes the racket up into position. There are other abbreviated take-backs as well. Regardless of which style you prefer, what's most important is that the hitting arm and racket are positioned properly and on time in the set-to-launch position. The take-back should be in sync with the timing of the toss action to ensure consistent toss - hit rhythm on the serve. See figure 5.6 for an example of a correct take-back for the serve.
Take-back for a serve.
Toss Action
To be precise with the toss, most pros keep the toss arm fully extended throughout the toss motion. The ball is released from the hand at approximately eye level. The toss arm continues upward until the palm of the toss hand faces toward the sky. As the toss arm starts going up, the body weight is shifting forward in the stance for the release of the ball to produce a straighter up and down ball path. The height of the toss varies based on the serve, but the ball should reach a height at least 12 inches (30 cm) higher than the top of the racket at contact. Players vary the ball position for the various types of serves, but as a general rule, you want your toss to remain inside the baseline and to the hitting-arm side of the body. See figure 5.7, a and b, for an example of a correct tossing action for the serve.
Tossing action for a serve.
Set to Launch: Platform and Pinpoint Stance
The platform stance describes the technique of those players who maintain the same starting stance throughout the motion. Platform servers such as Federer and Djokovic shift their weight forward for the set-to-launch position. As they bend their knees, the hips shift forward toward the toes of both feet as the chest angles upward toward the contact point. This chest angle aimed at the contact point is a crucial fundamental for developing a powerful and healthy serve motion. The shoulders tilt as the chest aims upward so that the tilted shoulders and arms establish a straight line with the contact point. The heels of the feet are elevated, indicating the weight is into the toes of both feet for the launch.
The pinpoint stance describes the technique of those players who bring the back foot forward to a position near the front foot for the set-to-launch. Many pros shift the front side of their hips forward over their toes to create a position similar to the look of a pole-vaulter's pole stretched back and bent into an arc shape. This stretched position enables the player to create an upward snap from the hip to launch the racket head up toward contact. With the body weight primarily on the front foot, the chest angle aims upward at the contact point, which is a crucial fundamental for developing a powerful and healthy serve motion. The shoulders tilt as the chest aims upward so that the shoulders and arms create a straight line with the contact point.
Save
Learn more about Nick Bollettieri's Tennis Handbook, 2nd Ed.
Practice Drills
Following are illustrations of several drills of each type discussed previously.
Following are illustrations of several drills of each type discussed previously.
Fed-Ball Drills
Warm-Up Drill
Objectives
- Establish an all-business mind-set for a productive practice session.
- Establish early preparation and timing for the contact point.
- Warm up the foundation and focus on good technique repetition.
- Hit to targets with high net clearance to promote depth.
Procedure
- The feeder hits two balls from the service line to alternating sides of the court.
- The student hits both balls down the line to the target area.
- The student rotates to the back of the line.
- All students move their feet.
Variations
- Add more balls to each rotation.
- Hit four, pick up four - the student hits four balls, then picks up four balls.
- Change direction to crosscourt patterns and short angles.
- Move students in to hit approach shots and volleys.
Windshield-Wiper Drill
Objectives
- Bring the group together to establish discipline, focus, and teamwork.
- Work groups of 8 to 12 students, all gaining benefit at once.
- Students warm up and focus on good technique repetition.
- Students hit to targets with high net clearance to promote depth.
Procedure
- The feeder hits two balls from the service line to alternating sides of the court.
- Students form one line at the baseline (curl the line around if there is not room behind the court).
- Students hit down the line to the target area and shadow on the other side.
- Students pick up balls, observe safety procedures, and rotate to the back of the line.
- All students shadow in time with the front two hitters.
Variations
- Add more balls to each rotation.
- Change direction to crosscourt patterns.
- Move students in to hit approach shots and volleys.
- When students hit from in the court, lines can go straight back.
Run-Around Forehand Drill
Objectives
- Develop the mind-set of using a weapon.
- Learn aggressive positioning in the court to take advantage of a big forehand.
- Learn to control the point through aggressive positioning.
- Hit to the target with power and accuracy.
Procedure
- The feeder hits one ball from the service line to the student's backhand side.
- The student is to run around the backhand and hit an inside-out forehand to the target.
- The student rotates to the back of the line.
- The feeder must build the confidence and willingness of students to "just hit the ball."
Variations
- Add a forehand down the line and then position yourself for an inside-out forehand.
- Change direction to an inside-in forehand (down the line).
- Approach the shot and finish with a volley to the other corner.
Run-Around Forehand and Short-Ball Drill
Objectives
- Develop a mind-set of returning every ball.
- Develop shot combinations around the inside-out forehand.
- Learn to close in and continue to attack the short ball.
- Hit to targets with power and accuracy.
Procedure
- The feeder hits the first ball from the service line to the student's backhand side.
- The student runs around the backhand and hits an inside-out forehand (see figure a).
- The feeder hits the second ball from the service line to the student's forehand side short.
- The student closes in and hits the approach down the line to finish the point (see figure b).
- The feeder must build confidence and willingness of students to "just hit the ball."
Variations
- Add a volley or overhead to the combination.
- Change direction to inside-in forehand (down the line).
- Students play out the point after the approach.
Learn more about Nick Bollettieri's Tennis Handbook, 2nd Ed.
Strings
Let’s start with the facts. The energy created in a tennis ball that meets a racket breaks down into the following components: 60 percent of the energy comes from the string bed (the strings in the racket). 30 percent of the energy comes from the ball (a rubber object in motion with its own energy). 10 percent of the energy comes from you and your racket frame (frame only, not the strings).
Let's start with the facts. The energy created in a tennis ball that meets a racket breaks down into the following components:
- 60 percent of the energy comes from the string bed (the strings in the racket).
- 30 percent of the energy comes from the ball (a rubber object in motion with its own energy).
- 10 percent of the energy comes from you and your racket frame (frame only, not the strings).
This proves the importance of proper stringing, correct tension, string type, quality of strings, and age (freshness or resilience) of strings. With this in mind, let's start with the most important item in hitting a tennis ball, the strings.
The 10 Commandments of Strings
Whatever type or brand of string you use, the following 10 commandments of strings apply. Study each carefully. They will help explain the many differences in today's string selections and how they can affect your game.
- Lower string tension generates more power (providing that excessive string movement doesn't occur).
- Higher string tension generates more ball control (with less power, placement of the ball improves).
- A longer string, or string-plane area, produces more power.
- Lower string density (fewer strings in the string pattern) generates more power.
- Thinner strings generate more power.
- Strings with more elasticity generate more power and absorb more shock at impact.
- Softer strings, or strings with a softer coating, tend to vibrate less.
- Thinner strings produce more spin on the ball.
- Lower string density (fewer strings) generates more spin on the ball.
- The more elastic the string, the more tension is lost in the racket after a string job (prestretching will reduce this effect).
String Types and Construction
Not too long ago, players had just two choices in strings - natural-gut strings or nylon strings. Natural-gut strings have been used since tennis was invented. Most top professional players still use natural gut because of its amazing characteristics, which are found only in a natural fiber.
Today, many nylon strings are referred to as synthetic-gut strings. This name can be misleading. The most important point to remember is that all such strings are made from a nylon-based product. True, many synthetic-gut strings have special features that make them last longer than regular nylon strings, but in basic chemical analysis they are virtually the same product.
If the added features of a specific synthetic-gut string favor your game, feel confident in continuing to use that product. But remember, a freshly strung racket with the basic nylon string will greatly outperform an expensive synthetic-gut string that is old and has lost its resiliency.
The basic construction types in today's nylon or synthetic-gut strings can be classified into the following groups. Each construction technique is for a specific purpose.
- Solid core (polyester strings)
- Solid core (single wrap)
- Solid core (multiwrap)
- Multifilament
- Multicore (single wrap)
- Multicore (multiwrap)
- Composites
- Aramid fiber and hybrids (Kevlar and other materials)
Of these construction types, solid core with a single wrap is by far the most widely manufactured string, making up more than 70 percent of all strings manufactured today. The main reason for the wide acceptance of this string is its overall performance at a price much lower than the price of natural gut.
To help you find the best string type for your individual game, take a look at table 14.1. Refer to later sections on construction and gauge to fine-tune these recommendations.
To define each type of string better, let's look at a few of the more popular groups and their playing characteristics.
Solid-Core Synthetic Strings
Polyester strings fall into the solid-core category. Although they have been around for many years, polyester strings have recently found great popularity among players at all levels. Like all synthetic strings, they are available in different gauges (string thickness) and from a variety of manufacturers. The advantages and disadvantages are as follows:
Advantages
- Durability
- Greater control
- Claims of exceptional feel
- Resists notching
Disadvantages
- Tension loss
- Less ball speed
- Increased shock and vibration
- Difficult to install (for stringer)
Note that polyester string is less resilient than other synthetics, so a claim of more control also means the player cannot hit the ball as hard.
Solid-Core (Single Wrap) Synthetic Strings
Solid-core synthetic strings with a single wrap make up 70 percent of today's string market. These popular strings derive their durability from having a large solid core. An outer wrap of smaller filaments (or fibers) improves tension retention. The outer wrap assists in two ways by (1) helping to hold the tension on the string and (2) protecting the core from notching and other abrasions caused by impact with the ball.
Because of the string's popularity, a wide choice of gauges is available. Manufacturers price their strings competitively. If this is the best-playing string type for you, shop around. You can probably find the same string from several companies, differing only in packaging and pricing. The advantages and disadvantages are as follows:
Advantages
- Wide variety of gauges
- Excellent value
- Very durable (thicker gauges)
- Balance between power and control
Disadvantages
- Too many choices
- Better strings overlooked
- Will go "dead" before breaking
- Shock and vibration to arm
Multifilament Synthetic Strings
Multifilament synthetic strings are coreless and have multiple synthetic fibers twisted together in a manner similar to natural gut. Fibers vary in thickness and number. The biggest advantage of this type of construction is playability. These strings are technically difficult to produce and carry the highest price tag among synthetic strings. They are the best-playing synthetic-gut strings and most closely resemble natural gut in all characteristics. The advantages and disadvantages are as follows:
Advantages
- Exceptional feel
- Increased power
- Less shock and vibration to arm
- Excellent for wide-body frames
Disadvantages
- Tension loss
- Premature breakage
- Susceptible to notching from topspin
Natural Gut
Despite the countless number of synthetics on the market today, most players still judge natural gut the best, although many of the top professional players have moved to the polyester category or to a hybrid of polyester and natural gut. String manufacturers try vigorously to duplicate its exceptional feel and playability, but so far they have fallen short. Thus we often hear or read the statement "Plays most similar to natural gut."
Natural gut is made from high-grade beef intestine. Only the upper part of the intestine is used. The process is a delicate, hands-on procedure that requires up to three months from start to finish. Note that natural gut is a by-product of the beef industry. No cows are slaughtered just to make gut. The labor-intensive work needed to produce natural gut accounts for its high price compared with synthetic strings.
Natural gut is the best-playing string available; its power is unmatched. Natural gut will hold tension much better than any synthetic string, and it absorbs shock and vibration much better as well. The actual "dwell time" (time the ball is on the string bed) is longer with natural gut than it is with synthetics, so the player experiences a much greater feel. An old saying in the tennis world is this: "Once you have tried gut, you will never go back to a synthetic. You're hooked!"
Over the years, people have questioned the durability of natural gut. These doubts have arisen because some stringers don't know how to handle natural gut. Natural gut is extremely durable when handled correctly and remains playable longer than a normal synthetic string. Synthetic string will lose an average of 15 to 18 percent of initial tension in the first 24 hours after stringing. Natural gut will lose an average of only 5 to 8 percent. The synthetic string will become "dead" (lose its resiliency) after 15 to 20 hours of normal play, whereas natural gut will stay resilient for its entire life.
If you have had arm or shoulder problems, natural gut is the best remedy for you. It is made from hundreds of individual "ribbons" of the intestine, twisted together to form the string. Each ribbon acts independently as well as with others when a ball is struck. Each ribbon absorbs shock and vibration to deliver optimal power. Natural gut is considered a multifilament string and is available in many different gauges. All that you have learned about construction and gauge applies to natural gut. The following list further addresses its benefits and drawbacks. The advantages and disadvantages are as follows:
Advantages
- Power
- Control
- Tension maintenance
- Best for arm and shoulder
- Longevity of playability
Disadvantages
- Price
Save
Save
Save
Learn more about Nick Bollettieri's Tennis Handbook, 2nd Ed.
Types of Serves
For many years only one technique was taught for the serve. Set your feet shoulder-width apart, point your front foot toward the target, put your racket hand and ball-tossing hand in front of you at waist height, start with your racket hand and ball-tossing hand going down together and up together, and do not move your back foot until you make contact with the ball and step into the court.
For many years only one technique was taught for the serve. Set your feet shoulder-width apart, point your front foot toward the target, put your racket hand and ball-tossing hand in front of you at waist height, start with your racket hand and ball-tossing hand going down together and up together, and do not move your back foot until you make contact with the ball and step into the court. Wow, times have changed.
There are still classic service motions such as those used by Roger Federer and Pete Sampras, but many others used today are just as effective. There is the half motion where the racket does not go down but starts immediately upward, and there's also the abbreviated motion where the racket is set above the shoulder before the toss is made.
Nick's Tip
No matter what motion you have, when you have certain elements correct, you will have an effective serve. If they work, don't change them.
Elements of the Aggressive Serve
An aggressive serve can have different variations and if delivered properly will provide the server with an outright winner, an error by the returner, or a defensive reply by the returner. Here are the important elements of the aggressive serve.
Grip
It is acceptable for very young and basic beginners to learn to serve with the forehand grip they have become comfortable with. We make this exception in order to ensure that young players experience more success in the beginning. As they begin to progress and become open to adjustments to improve, it's time to introduce them to serving in a full continental grip. It is an essential fundamental to serving at higher levels of play.
Starting Position
Most players start with the ball and racket together. For the stance, the feet are approximately shoulder-width apart, preferably with the front foot pointed toward the net post. It is quite common for the pros to start with their body weight forward in the stance for the start position, then shift the weight to the back foot as they start the motion, then shift forward to toss and hit. It's all a matter of what you feel comfortable with. Coaches should look at the student's natural style and then determine what will be the best for him. See figure 5.5 for an example of a correct starting position for the serve.
Starting position for a serve.
Take-Back
There are several predominant styles of take-back. There's over the shoulder, used by Andy Roddick and Venus Williams. Then you have the classic Federer pendulum down swing that takes the racket up into position. There are other abbreviated take-backs as well. Regardless of which style you prefer, what's most important is that the hitting arm and racket are positioned properly and on time in the set-to-launch position. The take-back should be in sync with the timing of the toss action to ensure consistent toss - hit rhythm on the serve. See figure 5.6 for an example of a correct take-back for the serve.
Take-back for a serve.
Toss Action
To be precise with the toss, most pros keep the toss arm fully extended throughout the toss motion. The ball is released from the hand at approximately eye level. The toss arm continues upward until the palm of the toss hand faces toward the sky. As the toss arm starts going up, the body weight is shifting forward in the stance for the release of the ball to produce a straighter up and down ball path. The height of the toss varies based on the serve, but the ball should reach a height at least 12 inches (30 cm) higher than the top of the racket at contact. Players vary the ball position for the various types of serves, but as a general rule, you want your toss to remain inside the baseline and to the hitting-arm side of the body. See figure 5.7, a and b, for an example of a correct tossing action for the serve.
Tossing action for a serve.
Set to Launch: Platform and Pinpoint Stance
The platform stance describes the technique of those players who maintain the same starting stance throughout the motion. Platform servers such as Federer and Djokovic shift their weight forward for the set-to-launch position. As they bend their knees, the hips shift forward toward the toes of both feet as the chest angles upward toward the contact point. This chest angle aimed at the contact point is a crucial fundamental for developing a powerful and healthy serve motion. The shoulders tilt as the chest aims upward so that the tilted shoulders and arms establish a straight line with the contact point. The heels of the feet are elevated, indicating the weight is into the toes of both feet for the launch.
The pinpoint stance describes the technique of those players who bring the back foot forward to a position near the front foot for the set-to-launch. Many pros shift the front side of their hips forward over their toes to create a position similar to the look of a pole-vaulter's pole stretched back and bent into an arc shape. This stretched position enables the player to create an upward snap from the hip to launch the racket head up toward contact. With the body weight primarily on the front foot, the chest angle aims upward at the contact point, which is a crucial fundamental for developing a powerful and healthy serve motion. The shoulders tilt as the chest aims upward so that the shoulders and arms create a straight line with the contact point.
Save
Learn more about Nick Bollettieri's Tennis Handbook, 2nd Ed.
Practice Drills
Following are illustrations of several drills of each type discussed previously.
Following are illustrations of several drills of each type discussed previously.
Fed-Ball Drills
Warm-Up Drill
Objectives
- Establish an all-business mind-set for a productive practice session.
- Establish early preparation and timing for the contact point.
- Warm up the foundation and focus on good technique repetition.
- Hit to targets with high net clearance to promote depth.
Procedure
- The feeder hits two balls from the service line to alternating sides of the court.
- The student hits both balls down the line to the target area.
- The student rotates to the back of the line.
- All students move their feet.
Variations
- Add more balls to each rotation.
- Hit four, pick up four - the student hits four balls, then picks up four balls.
- Change direction to crosscourt patterns and short angles.
- Move students in to hit approach shots and volleys.
Windshield-Wiper Drill
Objectives
- Bring the group together to establish discipline, focus, and teamwork.
- Work groups of 8 to 12 students, all gaining benefit at once.
- Students warm up and focus on good technique repetition.
- Students hit to targets with high net clearance to promote depth.
Procedure
- The feeder hits two balls from the service line to alternating sides of the court.
- Students form one line at the baseline (curl the line around if there is not room behind the court).
- Students hit down the line to the target area and shadow on the other side.
- Students pick up balls, observe safety procedures, and rotate to the back of the line.
- All students shadow in time with the front two hitters.
Variations
- Add more balls to each rotation.
- Change direction to crosscourt patterns.
- Move students in to hit approach shots and volleys.
- When students hit from in the court, lines can go straight back.
Run-Around Forehand Drill
Objectives
- Develop the mind-set of using a weapon.
- Learn aggressive positioning in the court to take advantage of a big forehand.
- Learn to control the point through aggressive positioning.
- Hit to the target with power and accuracy.
Procedure
- The feeder hits one ball from the service line to the student's backhand side.
- The student is to run around the backhand and hit an inside-out forehand to the target.
- The student rotates to the back of the line.
- The feeder must build the confidence and willingness of students to "just hit the ball."
Variations
- Add a forehand down the line and then position yourself for an inside-out forehand.
- Change direction to an inside-in forehand (down the line).
- Approach the shot and finish with a volley to the other corner.
Run-Around Forehand and Short-Ball Drill
Objectives
- Develop a mind-set of returning every ball.
- Develop shot combinations around the inside-out forehand.
- Learn to close in and continue to attack the short ball.
- Hit to targets with power and accuracy.
Procedure
- The feeder hits the first ball from the service line to the student's backhand side.
- The student runs around the backhand and hits an inside-out forehand (see figure a).
- The feeder hits the second ball from the service line to the student's forehand side short.
- The student closes in and hits the approach down the line to finish the point (see figure b).
- The feeder must build confidence and willingness of students to "just hit the ball."
Variations
- Add a volley or overhead to the combination.
- Change direction to inside-in forehand (down the line).
- Students play out the point after the approach.
Learn more about Nick Bollettieri's Tennis Handbook, 2nd Ed.
Strings
Let’s start with the facts. The energy created in a tennis ball that meets a racket breaks down into the following components: 60 percent of the energy comes from the string bed (the strings in the racket). 30 percent of the energy comes from the ball (a rubber object in motion with its own energy). 10 percent of the energy comes from you and your racket frame (frame only, not the strings).
Let's start with the facts. The energy created in a tennis ball that meets a racket breaks down into the following components:
- 60 percent of the energy comes from the string bed (the strings in the racket).
- 30 percent of the energy comes from the ball (a rubber object in motion with its own energy).
- 10 percent of the energy comes from you and your racket frame (frame only, not the strings).
This proves the importance of proper stringing, correct tension, string type, quality of strings, and age (freshness or resilience) of strings. With this in mind, let's start with the most important item in hitting a tennis ball, the strings.
The 10 Commandments of Strings
Whatever type or brand of string you use, the following 10 commandments of strings apply. Study each carefully. They will help explain the many differences in today's string selections and how they can affect your game.
- Lower string tension generates more power (providing that excessive string movement doesn't occur).
- Higher string tension generates more ball control (with less power, placement of the ball improves).
- A longer string, or string-plane area, produces more power.
- Lower string density (fewer strings in the string pattern) generates more power.
- Thinner strings generate more power.
- Strings with more elasticity generate more power and absorb more shock at impact.
- Softer strings, or strings with a softer coating, tend to vibrate less.
- Thinner strings produce more spin on the ball.
- Lower string density (fewer strings) generates more spin on the ball.
- The more elastic the string, the more tension is lost in the racket after a string job (prestretching will reduce this effect).
String Types and Construction
Not too long ago, players had just two choices in strings - natural-gut strings or nylon strings. Natural-gut strings have been used since tennis was invented. Most top professional players still use natural gut because of its amazing characteristics, which are found only in a natural fiber.
Today, many nylon strings are referred to as synthetic-gut strings. This name can be misleading. The most important point to remember is that all such strings are made from a nylon-based product. True, many synthetic-gut strings have special features that make them last longer than regular nylon strings, but in basic chemical analysis they are virtually the same product.
If the added features of a specific synthetic-gut string favor your game, feel confident in continuing to use that product. But remember, a freshly strung racket with the basic nylon string will greatly outperform an expensive synthetic-gut string that is old and has lost its resiliency.
The basic construction types in today's nylon or synthetic-gut strings can be classified into the following groups. Each construction technique is for a specific purpose.
- Solid core (polyester strings)
- Solid core (single wrap)
- Solid core (multiwrap)
- Multifilament
- Multicore (single wrap)
- Multicore (multiwrap)
- Composites
- Aramid fiber and hybrids (Kevlar and other materials)
Of these construction types, solid core with a single wrap is by far the most widely manufactured string, making up more than 70 percent of all strings manufactured today. The main reason for the wide acceptance of this string is its overall performance at a price much lower than the price of natural gut.
To help you find the best string type for your individual game, take a look at table 14.1. Refer to later sections on construction and gauge to fine-tune these recommendations.
To define each type of string better, let's look at a few of the more popular groups and their playing characteristics.
Solid-Core Synthetic Strings
Polyester strings fall into the solid-core category. Although they have been around for many years, polyester strings have recently found great popularity among players at all levels. Like all synthetic strings, they are available in different gauges (string thickness) and from a variety of manufacturers. The advantages and disadvantages are as follows:
Advantages
- Durability
- Greater control
- Claims of exceptional feel
- Resists notching
Disadvantages
- Tension loss
- Less ball speed
- Increased shock and vibration
- Difficult to install (for stringer)
Note that polyester string is less resilient than other synthetics, so a claim of more control also means the player cannot hit the ball as hard.
Solid-Core (Single Wrap) Synthetic Strings
Solid-core synthetic strings with a single wrap make up 70 percent of today's string market. These popular strings derive their durability from having a large solid core. An outer wrap of smaller filaments (or fibers) improves tension retention. The outer wrap assists in two ways by (1) helping to hold the tension on the string and (2) protecting the core from notching and other abrasions caused by impact with the ball.
Because of the string's popularity, a wide choice of gauges is available. Manufacturers price their strings competitively. If this is the best-playing string type for you, shop around. You can probably find the same string from several companies, differing only in packaging and pricing. The advantages and disadvantages are as follows:
Advantages
- Wide variety of gauges
- Excellent value
- Very durable (thicker gauges)
- Balance between power and control
Disadvantages
- Too many choices
- Better strings overlooked
- Will go "dead" before breaking
- Shock and vibration to arm
Multifilament Synthetic Strings
Multifilament synthetic strings are coreless and have multiple synthetic fibers twisted together in a manner similar to natural gut. Fibers vary in thickness and number. The biggest advantage of this type of construction is playability. These strings are technically difficult to produce and carry the highest price tag among synthetic strings. They are the best-playing synthetic-gut strings and most closely resemble natural gut in all characteristics. The advantages and disadvantages are as follows:
Advantages
- Exceptional feel
- Increased power
- Less shock and vibration to arm
- Excellent for wide-body frames
Disadvantages
- Tension loss
- Premature breakage
- Susceptible to notching from topspin
Natural Gut
Despite the countless number of synthetics on the market today, most players still judge natural gut the best, although many of the top professional players have moved to the polyester category or to a hybrid of polyester and natural gut. String manufacturers try vigorously to duplicate its exceptional feel and playability, but so far they have fallen short. Thus we often hear or read the statement "Plays most similar to natural gut."
Natural gut is made from high-grade beef intestine. Only the upper part of the intestine is used. The process is a delicate, hands-on procedure that requires up to three months from start to finish. Note that natural gut is a by-product of the beef industry. No cows are slaughtered just to make gut. The labor-intensive work needed to produce natural gut accounts for its high price compared with synthetic strings.
Natural gut is the best-playing string available; its power is unmatched. Natural gut will hold tension much better than any synthetic string, and it absorbs shock and vibration much better as well. The actual "dwell time" (time the ball is on the string bed) is longer with natural gut than it is with synthetics, so the player experiences a much greater feel. An old saying in the tennis world is this: "Once you have tried gut, you will never go back to a synthetic. You're hooked!"
Over the years, people have questioned the durability of natural gut. These doubts have arisen because some stringers don't know how to handle natural gut. Natural gut is extremely durable when handled correctly and remains playable longer than a normal synthetic string. Synthetic string will lose an average of 15 to 18 percent of initial tension in the first 24 hours after stringing. Natural gut will lose an average of only 5 to 8 percent. The synthetic string will become "dead" (lose its resiliency) after 15 to 20 hours of normal play, whereas natural gut will stay resilient for its entire life.
If you have had arm or shoulder problems, natural gut is the best remedy for you. It is made from hundreds of individual "ribbons" of the intestine, twisted together to form the string. Each ribbon acts independently as well as with others when a ball is struck. Each ribbon absorbs shock and vibration to deliver optimal power. Natural gut is considered a multifilament string and is available in many different gauges. All that you have learned about construction and gauge applies to natural gut. The following list further addresses its benefits and drawbacks. The advantages and disadvantages are as follows:
Advantages
- Power
- Control
- Tension maintenance
- Best for arm and shoulder
- Longevity of playability
Disadvantages
- Price
Save
Save
Save
Learn more about Nick Bollettieri's Tennis Handbook, 2nd Ed.
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