Part I. Muscle Architecture and Mechanics
Chapter 1. Muscle Architecture
Muscle Fascicles and Their Arrangements
• Parallel Fibered and Fusiform Muscles
• Pennate Muscles
• Convergent and Circular Muscles
Muscle Fascicle Curvature: Frenet Frames
Fiber Architecture in the Fascicles
Muscle as a Fiber-Reinforced Composite
Fiber, Fascicle, and Muscle Length: Length–Length Ratios
• Fiber and Fascicle Length
• Length–Length Ratios
Muscle Path: Muscle Centroids
• Straight-Line Representation of Muscle Path
• Centroid Model of Muscle Path
• Curved and Wrapping Muscles
• Twisted Muscles
• Muscles Attaching to More Than Two Bones
Cross-Sectional Area, Physiological and Anatomical
Muscle Attachment Area
Summary
Questions for Review
Literature List
Chapter 2. Properties of Tendons and Passive Muscles
Biomechanics of Tendons and Aponeuroses
• Elastic Behavior
• Viscoelastic Behavior of Tendons
• Tendon Interaction With Surrounding Tissues
Mechanical Properties of Passive Muscles
• Muscle Tone: Equitonometry
• Mechanical Properties of Relaxed Muscles
On Joint Flexibility
Summary
Questions for Review
Literature List
Chapter 3. Mechanics of Active Muscle
Muscle Force Production and Transmission
• Experimental Methods
• Transition From Rest to Activity
• Transition From Activity to Rest: Muscle Relaxation
• Constancy of the Muscle Volume
• Force Transmission and Internal Deformations (Strain)
• Intramuscular Stress and Pressure
• Functional RelationsForce-Length Relations
• Force–Velocity Relations
• Force–Length–Velocity Relations
History Effects in Muscle Mechanics
• Force Depression After Muscle Shortening
• Effects of Muscle Release: Quick-Release and Controlled-Release Methods: Series Muscle Components
Summary
Questions for Review
Literature List
Chapter 4. Muscles as Force and Energy Absorbers
Muscle Mechanical Behavior During Stretch
• Dynamic Force Enhancement
• Residual Force Enhancement
Muscle Shortening After Stretch
• Work and Power During Shortening After Stretch
• Energy Consumption During Stretch and Efficiency of the Muscle Shortening After Stretch
Dissipation of Energy
Mechanical Muscle Models
• Hill-Type Model
• Model Scaling
Summary
Questions for Review
Literature List
Part II Muscles in the Body
Chapter 5. From Muscle Forces to Joint Moments
Force Transmission: From Muscle to Bone
• From Muscle to Tendon
• From Tendon to Bone
• Tendon Elasticity and Isometric Force–Length Relation
Force Transmission Via Soft Tissue Skeleton (Fascia)
• Structure of Fascia
• Muscle–Tendon–Fascia Attachments
• Fascia as Soft Tissue Skeleton (Ectoskeleton)
Muscle Moment Arms
• Muscle Moment Arm Vectors and Their Components
• Methods for Determination of Muscle Moment Arms
• Factors Affecting Muscle Moment Arm
• Transformation of Muscle Forces to Joint Moments: Muscle Jacobian
Summary
Questions for Review
Literature List
Chapter 6. Two-Joint Muscles in Human Motion
Two-Joint Muscles: A Special Case of Multifunctional Muscles
• Functional Features of Two-Joint Muscles
• Anatomical and Morphological Features of Two-Joint Muscles
Functional Roles of Two-Joint Muscles
• Kinetic Analysis of Two-Joint Muscles: Lombard’s Paradox
• Kinematic Analysis of Two-Joint Muscles: Solution of Lombard’s Paradox
Mechanical Energy Transfer and Saving by Two-Joint Muscles
• Tendon Action of Two-Joint Muscles
• Saving Mechanical Energy by Two-Joint Muscles
Summary
Questions for Review
Literature List
Chapter 7. Eccentric Muscle Action in Human Motion
Joint Power and Work as Measures of Eccentric Action
• Negative Power and Work at a Joint
• Total Negative Power and Work in Several Joints
• Negative Power of Center of Mass Motion
• Two Ways of Mechanical Energy Dissipation: Softness of Landing
Negative Work in Selected Activities
• Walking
• Stair Descent and Ascent
• Level, Downhill, and Uphill Running
• Landing
Joint Moments During Eccentric Actions
• Maximal Joint Moments During Eccentric Actions
• Force Changes During and After Stretch
• Residual Force Enhancement in Humans
Muscle Activity During Eccentric Actions
• Surface Electromyographic Activity During Eccentric Actions
• Motor Unit Activity During Eccentric Actions
• Electromechanical Delay
Physiological Cost of Eccentric Action
• Oxygen Consumption During Eccentric and Concentric Exercise
• Fatigue and Perceived Exertion During Eccentric Action
• Muscle Soreness After Eccentric Exercise
Reversible Muscle Action: Stretch–Shortening Cycle
• Enhancement of Positive Work and Power Production
• Mechanisms of the Performance Enhancement in the SSC
• Efficiency of Positive Work in SSC
Summary
Questions for Review
Literature List
Chapter 8. Muscle Coordination in Human Motion
Kinematic Redundancy and Kinematic Invariant Characteristics of Limb Movements
• Straight-Line Limb Endpoint Trajectory
• Bell-Shaped Velocity Profile8.1.3 Power Law
• Fitts’ Law
• Principle of Least Action
Kinetic Invariant Characteristics of Limb Movements
• Elbow–Shoulder Joint Moment Covariation During Arm Reaching
• Minimum Joint Moment Change
• Orientation and Shape of the Arm Apparent Stiffness Ellipses
Muscle Redundancy
• Sources of Muscle Redundancy
• Invariant Features of Muscle Activity Patterns
The Distribution Problem
• Static Optimization
• Dynamic Optimization
• Inverse Optimization
• On Optimization Methods in Human Biomechanics and Motor Control
Summary
Questions for Review
Literature List
