Chapter 1. Muscle Fibers, Motor Units, and Motoneurons
Muscle Heterogeneity
Orderly Motor Unit Recruitment
Smaller Motoneurons Are More Excitable
Membrane Resistivity and Motoneuron Size
Other Factors Determining Action Potential Generation
Minimal Firing Rates and Afterhyperpolarization Durations
Motoneuron Current–Frequency Relationship and Excitability
Late Adaptation
Motoneuron PICs
Summary
Chapter 2. Motor Unit Recruitment During Different Types of Movements
Measuring Human Motor Unit Recruitment
Influence of Task
Slow-Ramp Isometric Contractions
Maintained Isometric Contractions
Isometric Contractions in Various Directions
Isometric Contractions Versus Movements
Lengthening Contractions
Cocontraction of Agonists and Antagonists
Unilateral Versus Bilateral Contractions
Rhythmic Complex Contractions
MVCs
Summary
Chapter 3. Muscle Blood Flow and Metabolism
Muscle Blood Flow
Muscle Metabolism
Summary
Chapter 4. Peripheral Factors in Neuromuscular Fatigue
Intramuscular Factors and Muscle Force
Involvement of Structures Other Than Muscle
Research From Animal Experiments
Summary
Chapter 5. Central Factors in Neuromuscular Fatigue
Motoneuron Activity During Sustained Contractions
Isometric Versus Anisometric Tasks
Rotation of Motor Units?
Summary
Chapter 6. Muscular Mechanisms in Aerobic Endurance Training
Chronic Muscle Stimulation
Coordination of Muscle Protein Systems
Pretranslational Control
Translational Control
Posttranslational Modifications
Simultaneous Expression of Isoforms
Adaptations Can Occur Ex Vivo
Adaptations Appear in a Specific Sequence
Thresholds of Activity for Adaptation
Chronic Stimulation and Atrophy
Metabolic Signals and the Adaptive Response
Degenerative and Regenerative Processes
Summary
Chapter 7. Neural Mechanisms in Aerobic Endurance Training
Adaptation of the Neuromuscular Junction
Adaptations to Endurance Training
Responses of Motoneurons
Adaptations of Spinal Cord Circuits
Summary
Chapter 8. Muscle Molecular Mechanisms in Strength Training
Acute Responses in Protein Synthesis and Degradation
Connective Tissue Responses
Role of Muscle Damage
Role of Dietary Supplements
Summary
Chapter 9. Muscle Property Changes in Strength Training
Increased Muscle Fiber Cross-Sectional Area
Fiber Type Composition
Muscle Fiber Number
Muscle Composition
Muscle Architecture
Muscle Fiber Ultrastructure
Evoked Isometric Contractile Properties
Changes in Muscle Force, Velocity, and Power
Fatigue Resistance
Role of Eccentric Contractions
Summary
Chapter 10. Neural Mechanisms in Strength Training
Gains in Strength Versus Muscle Girth
Strength Gains Show Task Specificity
Surface EMG Response During MVC
Imaginary Strength Training
Reflex Adaptations
Cross Education
Decreased Activation of Antagonists
Changes in Motor Unit Recruitment
Changes in Motor Cortex
Summary
